NgoJulayi 3, ngo-1991, uMkhandlu Ophakeme waseRussia, kwathi enye i-RSFSR, yamukela isenzo sokuqala sokulawula: Umthetho "ngokusebenza kwangaphandle kwamabhizinisi ezwe nakomasipala". Kulabo abangazi, siyakukhumbula ukuthi ngo-Ephreli 1992, indali yokuqala yokuthengiswa kwamabhizinisi okuhweba, inkonzo yasekhaya kanye nokupheka, okwaba khona ababhali bohlelo lwe-omor ye-angor kanye ne-anatoly chubais benziwa eNizhny Novgorod.
Ukwenza izimfihlo, okwenziwe ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990s, kusekhona enye yezindaba eziphikisanayo emlandweni wanamuhla waseRussia. Yacatshangelwa ekuqaleni ukuthi inani labantu lizokwazi ukusebenzisa imali eqongelelwe ehhovisi lebhokisi le-Savings ukuze libambe iqhaza ekuzaziseleni. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukunqwabelana kwezakhamizi kwangenziwa ngo-1990 ingxenye yesithathu ye-USSR GDP. Kodwa-ke, i-Liberalization ekwenziwe ngaphambilini eyenziwe ngenqubo yokukhuphuka kwamandla e-Galloping (168% ngo-1991, 2608% ngo-1992), okunciphise amandla okuthenga kwezakhamizi anqwabelana ngo-2%. Ngakho-ke, izakhamizi zazingakwazi ukusebenzisa ukunqwabelana kwazo inqubo yangasese. Kuyacaca ukuthi kwakungumuntu onenzuzo enkulu kakhulu.
Njengoba ama-akhawunti ezakhamizi ancishisiwe, imodeli yaseCzech yathathwa njengesisekelo se-Russian Perratization - isheke (ivawusha). Esikhundleni sokuvula ama-akhawunti, inani labantu banquma ukusabalalisa izaphulelo. Kepha hhayi mahhala, kepha ngama-ruble angama-25. Imali encane, kepha ibonakala ngokugcwele ababhali be-Perratization. Iningi labantu lalingenawo umbono omncane wokuhlolwa kwezizwe (izaphulelo), azange ziqonde ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe nazo. Ukuchazwa kukaMnu Chubais ukuthi izimoto ezimbili "Volga" zizotholakala kwi-voucher eyodwa (imoto ehlonishwayo kunazo zonke yabantu baleso sikhathi), ayizange ichaze lutho. I- "Volga" emibili, kodwa ayikaziwa ukuthi, futhi lapha inikela ngemali ebukhoma. Futhi abaningi baqala ukuzithengisa kwabathengi amabhodlela amabili e-vodka. Ngokusho kwezibalo, cishe amaRussia abazigidi abayizigidi ezingama-Russians batshale izaphulelo zabo ukubheka imali yokutshala imali (iningi lazo elingakhokhile noma ubani izigidi), cishe izigidi ezingama-40 - amasheya asheshe anyamalale emakethe), a Okwesithathu kwabanikazi bezaphulelo kwathengisa.
Abanikazi kuphela bamaphakheji amakhulu amavawusha athengwe kubantu abangabamba iqhaza ekuhlolweni nasezindleleni ezibumbene. Inani lemakethe yangempela yephakethe lesigxobo elingatholakala ngokushintshana ngevawutsha elilodwa, lingabaze ngaphezulu. Isibonelo, esifundeni saseNizhny Novgorod ngo-1994, ivawusha eyodwa ingashintshwa amasheya angama-2000 rao GazProm (inani lemakethe labo ngo-2008 lalingama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-700). Sekukonke ngoFebhuwari 1994, kwaqhutshwa izindandatho eziyizinkulungwane ezingaphezu kuka-9, kwasetshenziswa izaphulelo eziyizigidi ezingama-52. Ngokwemibiko, amabhizinisi ayizinkulungwane ezingama-46,8 aphethwe ngu-199,8 abenziwa ngasese ngo-1991-1992, ngo-1993, ngo-1993 inani labo landa laya ku-88.6. Phakathi kwazo, amabhizinisi angama-92 ama-metrous metallurgy abenziwa ngasese, ama-95% amakhemikhali nama-petrochemical. Ngo-1994, kwakhiqizwa ama-99% emikhiqizo emabhizinisini ama-metrollurgy angemuva. Ngo-1996, kwamenyezelwa ngokusemthethweni ngokwezifiso eziphelele zemboni yokukhanya, kwathi ngo-1997 kwaphela ngo-1997 indawo yangasese yezobunjiniyela, indawo yokuhlanza izingodo, izinto zokwakha kanye nezimboni zokudla kwaqedwa - kufaka phakathi ukukhiqizwa kweziphuzo zotshwala nemikhiqizo kagwayi.
Ukuntuleka kwemali yesabelomali kwaphoqa uhulumeni ukuba abambe okubizwa ngokuthi izindali zezezimali. Izakhiwo ezinkulu zebhizinisi zinikelwe ukubolekisa uhulumeni ovikelwe amabhizinisi amakhulu. Ngokwemigomo yesivumelwano, uma isimo singakwazi ukukhokha imalimboleko etholakele, ibhizinisi laba yimpahla yombolekisi. Ngakho-ke, iziphathimandla zenze isabelo esikhulu sezimpahla ngemali. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngo- $ 1.1 billion, izinhlaka ezinkulu zezimali zisungule ukulawula kwamabhizinisi, kamuva yiYukos, uNorilsk nickel, i-Sibneft kanye nezinye izinkampani ezinkulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke kwavela izakhiwo ze-Oligarchic zama-90s, ezazinabanikazi beRussia. Ukuhlolwa komlando kwemiphumela ye-Pervatization eRussia kusengaphambili. Futhi siphila ngokwengeziwe. Inqubo yangasese ayinawo ukuphela futhi iyaqhubeka njengamanje.
Manje, ngokuya ngokulinganisa okuhlukile, isabelo somkhakha womphakathi emnothweni waseRussia kusuka ku-50% kuya ku-70%. Izazi eziningi ezomnotho zikubheka ngokweqile futhi zigcizelela ukuqina okusha. Ngokubona kwabo, eRussia ingxenye yezinkampani eziphethwe nguhulumeni kufanele ibe ndawo thile.
Esifundeni se-Nizhny Novgorod, ukuguqulwa kwangaphambilini kombukiso emakethe ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990s, lonke uketshezi oluningi futhi oluphezulu lube ngasese. Kuze kube manje, kunokusatshalaliswa kwezindawo ezingokwemvelo empahleni kamasipala. Uhlelo lokubikezela lwendawo yangasese yendawo yombuso ka-2021 no-2022, oluhlanganiswe neKomidi lomhlangano womthetho we-Nizhny Novgorod esifundeni saseNizhny Novgorod kwizomnotho nasezimboni, kufaka into ezine (!) Kuphela. Ngokusho kwePhini likaNgqongqoshe Wezomhlaba kanye nobudlelwano bezakhiwo be-Region Andrei Steggrant, imali engenayo yesabelomali sesifunda kusuka ekuthengisweni kwempahla ngo-2021 kubhekwa ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyisithupha, ngo-2022 - ezingeni lama-ruble ayizigidi ezimbili. Mhlawumbe, ukunakwa okunjalo kwakhanga izindaba mayelana nesifiso sikahulumeni wesifunda, ngakolunye uhlangothi ukuthenga isabelo sezabelo zemoto ephathekayo e-Nizhny Novgorod, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bese uthengisa wonke ama-100% amasheya emoto ekhebula.
Izibalo ezinhle kakhulu eminyakeni emihlanu edlule ekuqalisweni komsebenzi wesabelomali wamarisidi okungewona intela, uMnyango Wezezakhiwo Nezokubuyiselwa Kwezomhlaba ezinikezwe ngo-2019. Ngo-2019, isabelomali se-Nizhny Novgorod esifundeni sabhaliswa kwisabelomali sama-ruble angama-931.5 ayisigidi.
Cishe isimo esifanayo esikhungweni sesifunda. Emhlanganweni weDolobha Duma, ngoFebhuwari 17, kumenyezelwa ukuthi idatha yokuthi uhlelo lweNzuzo lwe-Pervatization yendawo ngo-2020 lwabulawa ngama-89%. Izikhungo ezingama-69 ezithengiswayo ezihlulekile ukuzisebenzisa, futhi zifakiwe ezinhlelweni 2021-2022. Yaphawulwa ngokuqondile ukuthi ukubheja ngokuzimela akufanele kwenziwe. Kuyadingeka ukubheka ezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa impahla ukukhulula isabelomali esivela kwisidingo sokuqukatha lezi zinto ekhasini labo elilinganiselwe. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kwenkonzo yabezindaba ye-Duma yeNizhny Novgorod, ngohlaka lwe-Pervatization enhlokodolobha egunyaziwe ye-JSC "Eseleenarbo" izofaka izinto ezingama-62 - izakhiwo ezi-59 zobunjiniyela. Lokhu kuzovumela "amandla okushisa" ukulungisa, ukuthuthukisa kanye nokuqukethwe kwamanethiwekhi okusetshenziswa.
Futhi, amasekela e-Gordeum amukele isiphakamiso sokudlulisa izikhungo ze-beregreeparation ebhange lakwesobunxele le-Oka eya endaweni ye-nizhny novgorod esifundeni saseNizhny Novgorod.
Ngakho-ke, ngokuya ngemfihlo yesifunda kanye nesikhungo sesifunda, kunezindawo ezingaba khona okuncane, okuqukethwe okuwo okuwohloka okunzima kwesabelomali. Manje kufanele sifunde ukuthi singayithengisa kanjani kancane ukuze, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakusho ukufika komtshalizimali ophoqelekile, ukulungele, ukuthuthukisa amabhizinisi, hhayi ukumba nje inzuzo kukho. Idolobha nendawo iyakhula. Kuzoheha ngokungenakuvinjwa abatshalizimali abalungele ukwenza impahla yangasese yezezimali nangomasipala. Izici ezinhle zokwenziwa ngasese zibekwe njengoba kunesidingo sokugcina ukubukeka komlando wedolobha, ukuheha kwalo kwezivakashi.