"Ngeshwa, sikhona. Labo acwaningayo nabahehayo: bakhombisa esidlangalaleni ngokomzimba kwethu okuhlangene, baphawula ngemiphumela yomuntu ngamunye esifundweni sezinhlangano ze-Intercultium kanye nobandlululo eLatvia, kubhala iRus.LSM.LV.
Isibonelo, cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabaphenduli (29%) yamaLatvians - yize abambalwa, kepha abalulekile - bakholelwa ukuthi abantu abangokwezinye izinhlanga noma izinhlanga ziyiziphukuphuku.
Ukutadisha kwe-Institute of Filosophy kanye ne-Sociology of the University of Latvia "Stereotypes we-Intervia" (Starpkultbe Stereotipi un Aizspruedumi ehlobo ngonyaka owedlule.
Ababhali - Ababhali - uMartins Kapranz, u-Inta Meireine no-Andris Saulitis - ngokusebenzisa ama-SKDS, babuze ama-Latvian imibuzo eminingi enemininingwane ngesimo sabo sengqondo ngamaqembu ahlukahlukene kazwelonke namasiko. Imiphumela, kwesinye isikhathi ingalindelekile, futhi imvamisa ingathambeki, ishicilelwe muva nje kwiwebhusayithi ye-Institute.
Esmu latvietsis noma "nginguRussia". Yebo, kubalulekile
Ukwahlulela ngokuvota, ukuphathwa kweqembu lakhe, lapho kuthathwa njengezinga futhi "maphakathi nezwe", ngokusebenzisa i-Prism yako enye yempilo, amasiko, amasiko, njll. - SP) zibonisa ngokwengeziwe AbaseLatvian kunabaseRussia, bafingqa ababhali. Yilokho okubukeka sengathi.Naphezu kwesibalo esikhulu sabaphenduli, esikholelwa ukuthi ubuzwe bukamuntu bukhuluma kakhulu ngaye, ngesikhathi izingxoxo ngamaqembu agxilwe kulo (nakwaSussia, naku-Latvia), imibono yesigaba ngalesi sihloko cishe ayizwanga. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izimpendulo zazibuswa ngokubaluleka kwezimpawu zomuntu ngamunye, ababhali bayakuqaphela. Ngabe lokhu kusho ukuthi ukwahlulela ngomuntu ongokweqembu kubhekwa (kulokhu, ababambiqhaza beqembu eligxile) ngokuthi "ukushelela" noma kungavunyelwe emphakathini?
Uma ngisho naseqenjini, kuzoba khona othile wokubukwa kwamaFascist futhi wazonda amaJuda, kodwa uzozizwa ezungezwe izihlakanimo eziyinkululeko - ngeke athi uyacabanga ngempela.
Kusezinhlonya eziku-inthanethi, lapho umuntu azizwa engaziwa, empeleni abonakalisa ukuthi ucabangani. Futhi lapho kufanele kushiwo okufanayo esweni, konke akukubi kangako. "
Abantu baseRussia (amaLatvi, ama-Gypsies, ama-Afrika, ...) nje "ubuwula ngokuzalwa"?
Kusuka ekuhlonzeni kukazwelonke (ngokwakho), ababhali baphendukela ezindabeni, ngombono wabo, sezivele zinemithombo (i-avoti) ye-chaushinism kanye nobandlululo.
"Abamele izinhlanga noma izinhlanga ezithile bazalwa banamakhono amancane engqondo?" Ngalesi sitatimende, hhayi ngokuya ngobuningi babaphenduli - ama-60%. Kepha ngokusho kokuncane, kepha okubaluleke kakhulu - ama-29% abo bonke abaphendulayo, kanti umLatvia uphakeme kakhulu, ababhali bakhombisa.
"Mhlawumbe laba bantu babukeka sengathi asihambi kahle kuhulumeni - futhi sahlulela ngabo?", "Arnis cotinsh. Futhi ngokuhleka okungaziwa kwenezela: "Ngeshwa, sikhona. Labo bacwaninga futhi bathakazelisa: bakhombisa obala ukuthi hhayi ukungathandeki kakhulu kobuhlakani obuhlanganayo. Asibekezeleli ikakhulukazi. Ingxenye enkulu yabantu ihlala kubandlululo olukhulu noma obuncane. Futhi, ekuhlolweni kwami, i-physiomy yethu ehlanganisiwe ibongekile kakhulu kunathi esibonakala ngayo. "
Ephendula omunye umbuzo - mayelana nokuphakama okukhulu kwamasiko athile ngaphezu kwabanye - lesi sikhundla saqinisekiswa ngu-34% wabaphenduli. Lapha, ngendlela, kucishe kube khona ukuvumelana phakathi kweRussia namaLatvian (34% no-33%, ngokulandelana). Ngasikhathi sinye, phakathi kocwaningo oluhlolisisiwe amaRussia 56%, naphakathi kwabaseLatvia, ama-59%, babheka wonke amasiko alinganayo. Njengoba ababhali bekhombisa, amaLatvians kaningi kunawo wonke amaRussia noma amanye amancane athambekele ekutholeni abanye ngo-Ethnic Sign.
Le mininingwane ingahle ibonakale ngomqondo othile ingalindelekile. Imvamisa, uma i-chauvinism okukhulunywa ngayo enkulumweni yeningi yendawo - cishe njalo kuzoba yi-velikorvsky (bheka isibonelo). Kepha ngokuya ngokuvota, sibona isithombe esihluke ngokuphelele.
"AbaseLatvi bahlushwa, abantu bezintandane. Hhayi, hlobo luni lwabantu abantandane olungaba chauavinosm, kunjalo? " - Ukuhleka ama-cothens. Futhi iyachaza: Ingxenye yesiLatvia inokuzikhukhumeza okungenangqondo maqondana namanye amaqembu. "Mina uqobo bengingasho ukuthi i-chauvinism ivame kakhulu kubantu baseLatvia, kubonakala ngathi, kunalokho, kubonakaliswa kakhulu. Kepha lolu cwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi kunezikhathi ezimbi ezimbi, yize bengizojabulisa uma bengabizwa kanjalo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, naphezu kobuzwe kanye ne-chauvinism, naphezu kwalezi zimpendulo ezingajwayelekile, emgwaqweni asiboni nakanjani ezinye izinkinga ezisobala, izingxabano zombala wezwe likazwelonke. Esikhundleni salokho, kuzoba ukubonakaliswa kobunzima uma othile eza emlenzeni wakho. Kepha sikubona kaningi kwi-Intanethi, ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, lapho abantu bezwa ukuthi bangaziwa. Kepha imibono ye-Intanethi ayisiniki umuzwa wokuthi le nto isatshalaliswa malini.
Njengoba wazi ngocwaningo, amaphesenti amancane amaphawula abantu kwi-Intanethi, futhi la mazwana awabonakali umbono wabaningi. "
AbaseRussia bangokwamaLatvi afudumele ngokudabukisayo kunaseLatvians kuya eRussia
Akukho okubi phakathi kwabaseRussia namaLatvian, ababhali bathi - futhi bahlulela "i-thermometer yezinzwa ezisetshenziswe ocwaningweni, kunjalo. Kodwa-ke, amaRussia abheke eLatvians abonakala efudumele kunabantu baseLatvia kwabaseRussia.Ngesikhathi socwaningo lwabaphenduli, bacela isimo sabo sengqondo emaqenjini amasiko ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe- "thermometer", kusuka ku-0 (amakhaza amakhulu noma amabi kakhulu) kuya ku-100 (afudumele kakhulu noma afudumele). Ngenxa yalokho, kwavela ukuthi imizwa yokuhlangana kwamaLatvia namaRussia afudumele, namaRussia - afudumele ngokusobala.
Imizwa yamaRussia kwabaseLatvia namaLatvians kuya eRussia
Ukuze uqhathanise: Eqenjini layo kanye namaRussia nakwaServians kufudumele ngokulinganayo - ngamaphuzu angama-87. Kuyahlekisa ukuthi cishe isigamu sabaphenduli kwelinye lamaqembu balinganise isimo salo sengqondo ku "nhlanga" kwisikolo esiphakeme kakhulu - 100.
Ekuchazeni abalobi, amaphuzu angama-49 futhi amancane isimo esingesihle noma esibandayo eqenjini, kanye nama-25 nangaphansi - kubi kakhulu. Yini iphesenti lamaLatvians namaRussia ahlobene nalo ngokungafanele noma okubi kakhulu? Yilokho okubukeka sengathi.
Isilinganiso sesimo sengqondo sesiLatvia maqondana namaJuda (okusele kwinkulumo yezepolitiki kaningana ngonyaka, lapho usuku oluhlotshaniswa nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe luyaphawulwa, libizwa ngokuthi "futhi lifudumele". ingxenye enhle ye-thermometer scale (52). I-thermometer yaseRussia maqondana namaJuda ifudumele kancane - 60.
Ukwahlulela ngenhlolovo, inani lalabo abayesazisa imizwa yabo ngamaJuda njengamakhaza, yebo. Okubi, ngenhla phakathi kwabaseLatvia. Kepha phakathi kokukhuluma isiRussia kubalulekile.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ukukhuluma isiRussia futhi kuyabonakala ngaphezu kwengxenye yalabo abahlobene namaJuda abahle kakhulu (ebangeni lamaphuzu angama-75 kuye kwayi-100).
Kodwa-ke, konke lokhu kubukeka kungekubi kangako ngokulwa nesizinda sobudlelwano bezakhamizi zaseLatvia ziye kubambisene namasu eLatvia, baseMelika. Futhi kufudumele kancane.
Abanobungane futhi abathembekile baseRussia
Ama-stereotypes ajwayelekile weqembu (kufaka phakathi umbala ongemuhle) abonakale lapho abaphendulayo benikeza uhlu lwamaqembu ezizwe, futhi bacele ukuphendula ukuthi yimuphi kubo ohambelana nesitatimende esithile (kk. 28, 70)."Abathembekile esimweni sesiLatvia": 27% wabaphenduli, olimi lwendabuko kanye nolimi lokuxhumana emndenini lunguLatvia, kwavuma ukuthi lesi sitatimende maqondana neRussia sinobulungiswa. Emehlweni abo, lokhu kungokwesibili eqenjini elingokoqobo (kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi amaSulumane - 35%). Abantu base-Ukraine ekungathembeki baqophe ama-9% ama-Lativians, amaJuda - 10%, amaRoma - 15%, nawo uqobo lwaseLatvi - 1%. Omunye u-16% ukholelwa ukuthi alikho iqembu elingahambelani nalesi sitatimende, futhi ama-26% akuthola kunzima ukuphendula.
Lapho umbuzo ofanayo ucelwa ukuba uphendule ngokukhuluma isiRussia, ukungathembeki esibonakaliso seqembu akuzange kuchaze cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabaphenduli (abaze bakuthola kunzima ukuphendula - 34% ). Okufanayo nabahlanganyeli bezinhlolovo zaseRussia neLatvia - iqembu elingathembeki kanye nalabo, kanti abanye babheka amaSulumane (nokho, isabelo saseRussia sasibhekwa kakhulu - 23%). Ekugcineni, phakathi kwabaphenduli abakhuluma isiRussia, ama-5% aphawula njengeqembu elingewona izixhumanisi.
Ama-stereotypes amabi ngamanye amaqembu avame kakhulu phakathi kwamaLatvian kunaphakathi kwabaseRussia (bona amatafula 19 no-20 ocwaningweni). Ngasikhathi sinye, lokhu akuhlali kuhlangana nedatha ye- "thermometer yemizwa."
Isibonelo, namaRussia athembekile, njengoba iqembu libheka ama-27% ama-Latvian, ngenkathi isimo esingesihle esiya eRussia (ngokwe-thermometer) ama-11% ama-Latis angama-11%. Kuvela okumangazayo: Kulawo ma-ladvians abheka ukungathembeki kweRussia, ngaphezu kwengxenye kunemizwa emihle kubo.
ILatvia ingelinye lamazwe ahamba phambili emhlabeni? Ngifuna umuntu
Njengababhali besifundo, naphezu kobunzima be-ajenda yezepolitiki ye-Interic phakathi kweRussia namaLatvian, ngokusho kocwaningo phakathi kwabo, izinkinga ezinkulu azibonakali. Naphezu kwawo: Naphezu kosonga lwemfundo yaseRussia, ukuqokwa kwamaqembu "ama-Russian" endimeni "yokungafunwa" kunoma yimuphi umfelandawonye, kanye nezingxoxo ezibhekene nosizo ngoMeyi kaMeyi 9 - ama-1% kuphela amaRussia angama-Latisnies.
Kodwa-ke, kuneqembu elilodwa lezinkinga lapho ukutholakala kwenkulumo yezepolitiki - okungenani mhlawumbe.
Umehluko we-Cardinal phakathi kwama-Latvians kanye nokukhuluma isiRussia kuyabonakala ekubonakalisweni kokuthanda izwe kanye nokuhlolwa kweLatvia, ababhali bakhombisa.
ILatvians kaningi (59% yabaphenduli) bazizwa beqhosha lapho becabanga ngeLatvia. Phakathi kwabakhulu, iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke likhetha impendulo "akekho, noma cha."
Ngabantu baseLatvia nesizwe sezimpande
Ukucabanga ngebanga labantu baseLatvia, nangemingcele engokomfanekiso eyenza umuntu abe yingxenye yabantu baseLatvia, ezingxoxweni zamaqembu agxile, ulwazi lolimi lwesiLatvia nokwamukelwa kwamasiko eLatvia kuvame ukubizwa kaningi . Umbono onjalo ubeka phambili abantu baseLatvia njengesiko lesiko, futhi hhayi isigaba sobuzwe, ababhali baphetha ngawo. Futhi ngokushesha engeza: "Kuliqiniso, ekukhanyeni kozwela lwezepolitiki ungabona umehluko omkhulu.Abahlanganyeli bamaqembu agxile eLatvia, akhethe, ukuthi yiliphi iqembu okufanele livote okhethweni lwe-Seimas, gcizelela ukubekwa phambili kwezithakazelo zeqembu lesizwe laseLatvic. " Umbono womhlanganyeli weqembu eligxile, elikholelwa ukuthi ukukhetha kufanele kube "kuthandwe ngesizwe somdabu". Emvelweni okhuluma isiRussia, isimo sezepolitiki sihlukaniswe ngokwengeziwe, futhi impumuzo eminingi ibonakala igwema amabutho ezepolitiki agcizelela izingqinamba zobuzwe, adwebe ababhali.
Mayelana noMongameli WaseRussia kanye nomkhwenyana wamaJuda
Ungathola umJuda waseRussia, waseLitvian, umJuda, wase-Afrika, amaRoma (nabanye) njengozakwethu? Futhi njengomngane? Futhi umlingani wengane yakho esekhulile? UMongameli wezwe? Umakhelwane nje?
I-13% kuphela yama-lativians ngesikhathi socwaningo esiveze ukuthi akulungele ukwamukela ummeleli wanoma yiliphi iqembu lamasiko (kufaka phakathi iRomov, "ama-Afrika", amaSulumane, amaShayina, njll.) NjengoMongameli noma ilungu lomndeni). Phakathi kwabantu abancane bezwe (ikakhulukazi, lezi ngamaRussia) aziphikisi noma yimuphi umengameli we-tocultural noma umkhwenyana futhi futhi, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu - ama-22%.
Indoda yaseRussia yendodakazi yakhe (umfazi wendodana) ayikakulungeli ukuthatha ama-12% amaLatvians, eLatvia - 4% amaRussia. AmaJuda awafuni ama-28% ama-lativians kanye nama-12% amaRussia. Futhi njengoMongameli waseLatvia, i-little ebalulekile yamaLatvia (39%) akulungile ukubona noma ngabe iRussia, noma umJuda, kanti phakathi kwamandla kaMongameli waseRussia - amaJuda akulungele ukuthatha ama-17%, abo (amaRussia) - 9 I-% (ngokumelene noMongameli - Latvian nghy 0, ama-5% amaRussia nama-1,2% latvians).
"Ngeshwa, lokhu yilokhu: maqondana namaJuda emphakathini wethu ukubandlulula kanye nama-stereotypes kunokuba ahlobene namaRussia, ama-Ukradia noma abeseBelarusian. Ngeshwa, "kusho uKotynsh.
Mayelana nokutholwa. Njalo isiRussia sesithupha - ngoba, njalo kwesine - ngokungabaza?
Ngesikhathi senhlolovo, abaphenduli banikezwa ukuveza imvume yabo noma ukungavumelani nesitatimende esinjalo: "Kungcono uma abancane bezinzwa benqaba amasiko namasiko abo, esikhundleni sabo ngohlu lwemibuzo) .
Lapha, ngokwengxenye, izimpendulo zabaphenduli baseRussia zihlelwe ngokungazelelwe, ngoba ekuchazeni ababhali balesi sifundo, kulokhu sikhuluma ngezimo zengqondo ngokuhambisana nangokuthi "ukudlula isiko leqembu elibusayo." Asivumi noma singavumelani ngokuphelele (wenqaba ukufunda amasiko endawo) - 56%. Ngiyavuma futhi ngiyavuma ngokuphelele - 16%, okungukuthi, njalo kwesithupha. Futhi ama-28% asele awakwazanga ukuphendula noma ngubani, noma cha. (k. 41). Futhi kuyamangaza kunalokho. Ngani?
NgoJulayi-Septhemba nyakenye, okusho ngokujwayelekile ngalolu cwaningo, ama-sks afanayo njengengxenye yomunye umsebenzi omkhulu "obonayo exoxiswane nalezo zizakhiwo zaseLatvia, okungokomdabu, noma ulimi lokuxhumana kwansuku zonke emndenini.
Enye yemiphumela, yamangala ngaleso sikhathi ochwepheshe, yayisimangaliso: naphezu kwenqubomgomo yesikhathi eside yokudlulisa izikole zeLational Little Schools to Latvia, ama-88% - bathi bakubheka njengethuba elibalulekile lokuthola isikole imfundo ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko. Ama-6% kuphela athi awacabangi noma awakubheki okubalulekile. Kwamangala ukuthi ezimpendweni kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile phakathi kwezizukulwane ngezizukulwane, okungukuthi, kwavela ukuthi zibalulekile kubantu abasha.
Futhi owesibili: Ama-84% wabaphenduli abese ebika ukuthi isikhala esikhuluma isiko saseRussia sabo (incazelo yenziwa embuzweni: "Ukhetha ukufunda izincwadi, ubuke ama-movie, ukuxhumana kwi-Intanethi ngesiRussia") . Futhi ngaphandle komehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezizukulwane. Njengoba abuye amangaze ochwepheshe ababelindele ukuthi intsha iye endaweni yolimi lwesiLatvia noma yesiNgisi.
Okungukuthi, imiphumela yokuvota kwama-sks amabili okwenziwe ngasikhathi sinye, ungavumelani ngempela.