Eminyakeni emithathu edlule, uVladimir Putin wasayina isimemezelo ehlelweni lukazwelonke lokuthuthuka komncintiswano. Isimo emnothweni sabona ethusayo. Ngo-2015, kwavela ukuthi iRussia yabuyiselwa ngokushesha eSoviet Union ngokwesimo. Uma ngo-2005 amabhizinisi wombuso abhalwe ngo-35% we-GDP, kwathi ngo-2015 - Sekuvele kungu-70%. Kusuka kubalingani abasele, ama-30% angafinyelelwa kubakaki bezimali zakwamanye amazwe, asheshe anakekele ezweni ngemuva kweCrimea, nazo zonke izinhlobo 'zombuso', okuthi, njengenye, zihlobene kakhulu noMbuso futhi abantu bokuqala. Futhi cabanga ngomnotho wesithunzi ofinyelela ku-20-25% we-GDP. Futhi-ke kuvela ukuthi ku-equation kuzoba nento efana ne-socialist Hungary noma i-Yugoslavia, lapho izifo ezilula zivunyelwe ukuba zibe ngamabhizinisi amancane namaphakathi, futhi, noma ngasiphi isikhathi angathatha.
I-Oligarch Rockefeller
Amazwe athuthukisiwe awakaze akhohlwe lokho abaphoqelekile ukuncintisana. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XV, iYurophu yabheka empumalanga. Izakhamizi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-700 zazihlala eBeijing, naphakathi kwamadolobha amakhulu ayishumi emhlabeni, kwakukhona ama-paris ayizinkulungwane ezingama-200 kuphela. Njengoba isazi-mlando u-Nial Ferguson sibhala, eminyakeni engama-600 edlule emfuleni i-Yangtze sadlula saba yizinkulungwane eziyi-12 ngelayisi, kanti iqoqo lesayensi yaseChina lebala amavolumu ayizinkulungwane eziyi-11. E-China, badala i-nye yizinsuku eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili ngaphambi kukaJetro Tala, kanye nesizinda sokuqala sesizinda sesitayela sokubhema kwensimbi ephonsayo - cishe ngo-200 BC. e. AbaseBrithani kuphela ngo-1788 bavinjelwe ukukhiqizwa kwezinkomba zensimbi zokwanda kwemishini eneminyaka engu-700 ubudala. Imikhumbi ye-Chinese Admiral Zheng He ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XV yathatha abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-28 futhi yayinkulu kunanoma iyiphi iNtshonalanga yeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Kepha ngo-1500, amaShayina, abonakala ekwakhiweni komkhumbi ngamamaki angaphezu kwamabili, agwetshwe ukufa. Amadolobhana asogwini namadolobha athuthe okungenani amakhilomitha ayi-15 ukusuka olwandle. Ababusi baseChina babefana nenkosi yethu uNicholas I, owenqabile ukwakha ujantshi, ngoba inguquko ingafika ezweni.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ingcebo yezifunda zaseNtshonalanga yakhula ngenxa yokuncintisana. EYurophu, ikhulu le-XVI kwakukhona cishe ama-500. Ngo-1500-1800 ISpain yalwa ne-81% yesikhathi, eNgilandi - 53%, iFrance 52%. Kubukeka sengathi lesi akusona isizinda esihle kakhulu sokuthuthukiswa komnotho. Kepha kwavela ubuchwepheshe be-Weapon Weapon, isu lempi, eladlala indima enqumayo ekunqobeni okulula kwamakoloni. Izimpi ezidingekayo ukukhokha - Izimakethe ezithuthukisiwe, izinkampani ezihlanganisiwe zamasheya, izibopho, ukuhlakanipha kwasebhange kwasungulwa. IPortugal encane neHolland bakhuthele kakhulu kwinqubo - okuncane kuhlale kunzima futhi akusekho okusaba noma ngubani.
Noma ngabe kwathuthukiswa lapho uCountlism futhi esongela ukuthi athathe isikhundla sohulumeni kanye namaphalamende, entshonalanga awazange akhohlwe ukuthi ukuncintisana konke. UJohn Rockefeller waba yibhiliya lokuqala ledola ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kepha inkampani yakhe ejwayelekile kawoyela ngo-1911 yaqedwa futhi yahlukaniswa yaba mthetho oyisikhombisa ngenxa yomthetho we-anti-monopoly. Ngokombono wemakethe, le ndoda engenangqondo yehle ngokuba yimpumelelo kakhulu eMelika. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, i-rockefeller akekho owakhetha amafa, akamfakanga ejele, i-White House ayizange ihlelele eWall Street "Mask Show". "Ukucindezelwa okukhulu" kwango-1940-1970s kwaqala e-United States ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kosomabhizinisi, kuvunyelwe yi-Epoch of Ronald Reagan, lapho imijondolo yokulawulwa kombuso iqashwe ebhizinisini. Futhi yize namhlanje sobusoshiyali nokusatshalaliswa kwezenhlalo, i-Ilon Mask ngo-2021 yaba ngumMelika ocebile onesimo samadola ayizigidi ezingama-200. Ngasikhathi sinye, uyiside nezepolitiki kanye nombuso wombuso. Ngakho-ke, ngokuncintisana eMelika akusekho kubi.
U-Omuta othule
Ngokusho kwalesi sigameko, ukuthuthukiswa komncintiswano eRussia kuyaphikisana nakho konke okubucayi kobungxowankulu bethu. Kuyacaca ukuthi ngaphandle komnikazi wangasese akukho makethe yangempela, futhi ngaphandle komncintiswano - ukukhiqizwa okusebenzayo okumakwe izimpahla ezisezingeni eliphakeme nentengo efanelekile. Kodwa-ke, inani lamabhizinisi wombuso kanye namabhizinisi kamasipala ngeminyaka emithathu kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ijerk ekhanyayo kakhulu yenzeka ngokuthuthuka kakhulu ngo-2013-2014, lapho inani lama-gups landa lisuka ku-11, 2 kuya ku-25, 4,000. Imvamisa iziphathimandla ezisenkingeni, kunalokho, zithengise izimpahla zokufudumeza imakethe futhi zithole imali yokuthola izimbobo zemali. Futhi ngonyaka ka-2012, uhlu lwezinkampani ezinkulu kakhulu zokuba nabezizwe lwandiswa, kodwa-ke, ngokusho kwe-FAS, "amacebo ashintsha." Yize ukuhlanganiswa kwaphumelela, futhi umtshalizimali waseNtshonalanga onobungane ngo-Eva wama-Olimpiki eSochi.
Kule ndawo, ubuchopho bomfundi bungakuma ekugcineni: Wafundiswa impilo yakhe yonke ukuthi lapho umbuso uthatha okuthile ku-Ourgeois - kuhle. AmaKhosi kaPetru alungileyo "alungile" aqala nje abhalwe kuwo - amazwe ukuhlanganisa, wonke amandla - ubukhosi, umkhosi - kulo mcebo, umcebo - esikhwameni. Ngeminyaka yama-1990s, abantu abanentukuthelo yeRoptal, ukuthi izitshalo ezinkulu kunazo zonke zifuna ukudla okulula ngamasongo abizwa ngokulandela ama-oligarchs. Futhi kuma-2000s, inani eliphakeme lokuthandwa kukaPutin lalithathwa, lapho inqubo yokubuya yagcinwa khona - ama-oligarchs acindezelwe, uYukos wenziwa ngezwe, kwabuye kwabuyiselwa odongeni.
Kungani kungazelelwe inhloko yakamuva ye-FAS Igor Arteryev yaphikisana nokuthi "izinga lombuso emnothweni lifinyelele" esicidweni esibomvu "? Yebo, ngoba umnotho wethu awuzange ukhula ngempela kuwo wonke ama-2010, aqede wonke amathuba okuthuthuka okusebenzayo ngesikhathi samafutha abizayo. Futhi ukuvezwa kwe-Artemieda kwakungekho nhlobo demerche. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uMongameli uVladimir Putin wathunyelwa - ukudala isu lokuthuthukiswa kweNational Conscunce Development.
I-Logic ehlelekile ayisebenzi lapha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunwetshwa kwempahla yombuso kuhlangene nesifiso sokwelula ukuhlala eHelm: Lawula amafa, ungavumeli ukubonakala kongxiwa ongezimele nesigaba esiphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuntuleka kokukhula kanye nokwehliswa kwabantu kwenza ubuthi noma yimuphi umbuso ongekho ama-jacks azosiza eziqandisini ezingenalutho. Ibhizinisi akufanele likhule hhayi kuphela emibikweni yeRosstat. Futhi iKremlin inqume ukubona ukuthi kuzokwenzekani uma uyeka i-hedgehog kanye ne-horner ebhange elilodwa: Ukuqamba umncintiswano phakathi kwezinkampani eziphethwe nguhulumeni, wajwayela ukuncintisana nakho kungabikho mncintiswano walo mncintiswano uqobo.
Ngohlelo lukazwelonke oluhlongozwe yi-Arterwevsky, "uhlelo lukazwelonke" lwaluwumbono olunzima: ukuba khona kwanoma iyiphi imakethe yokuncintisana okungenani ezinkampanini ezintathu, enye yazo okufanele ibe yimfihlo. Izimiso eziyisisekelo zegama lesivumelwano esibizwa ngegama: Ukunciphisa isabelo sezinkampani eziphethwe nguhulumeni emnothweni, ukuqinisekiswa kwenkululeko yomnotho, ukusekelwa kokuthuthukiswa kwamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo, ukubalwa kwemali ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuncintisana ekutshaleni kombuso. Ngo-2019, umthetho wasayinwa ekuvinjelweni ekwakhiweni kwama-gups amasha kuze kube ngu-2025. Ngokuhambisana namakhadi omgwaqo kahulumeni, isabelo se-GUP kanye nama-MUPS emakethe yezindlu kanye nemakethe yezinsizakalo zomphakathi sesiqalile kanye nokwanda kwengxenye yezinkampani ezizimele ohlelweni lwezeMpilo ekunakekelweni kwezempilo.
Kuliqiniso, amaphuzu abaluleke kakhulu awela isu: I-State Monopolies akudingekile ukuxhumanisa izinhlelo zokutshala imali kusuka ku-FAS, umsebenzi we-antimonopoly ngeke ube ukhiye emsebenzini wehhovisi lomshushisi. Abashushisi sebenyamalale nakancane kusuka kuHlelo Likazwelonke, yize bangabahleli bokuqala babela khona indima 'yoMxhumanisi olwa nokukhokhisa'. Kepha okubaluleke kakhulu: akwenzekanga emkhankasweni kazwelonke wokuncintisana, isiphakamiso kwakungewona ukumboza ngenkuthalo umzabalazo odonswayo ngeziteshi ze-monopolist eziteshini zombuso. Ngokwemvelo, usomabhizinisi akakaze abe usawoti womhlaba, okhokha intela nemiholo, abuhlakani futhi aqukethe izikhulu. Uqhubeka nokuhlala ukudlula okungathembekile, okuthi kuphela ngaphansi kwe-neoth yesikhulu eziziphatha kubantu. Futhi yini "ukuthuthukiswa komncintiswano"?
Eqinisweni, kungenzeka noma cha, udinga ukwahlulela amandla okutshala okuqondile kwangasese emnothweni waseRussia. Uma umnikazi wangasese, njengoba edaya, exosha imali ezweni, kusho ukuthi akukho ukuncintisana kakhulu kukho. Uma ku-TV sihlale sibonakala amabutho akhethekile akhethekile emahhovisi osomabhizinisi abangazi lutho abazinto abangazi lutho. Futhi noma ngabe ufuna uPutin, ungatshali osomabhizinisi ezindaweni zokuvalelwa, okungenani akudingeki - konke kuhlala kunjalo. Woza kuye ekuseni kakhulu, njengaphansi kukaStalin, lapho wonke umuntu elele, basekela indawo yokuhlala phambi kwezingane ezethusayo, bayiyise ekomitini lokuphenya. Emini, benza umshushimo, isigwebo sejaji sitholwa njengamaconsi amabili amanzi afana nokumangalelwa komphenyi, futhi awele endaweni yokuboshwa, lapho umuntu ojwayelekile ehlala khona emndenini nasezinganeni. Futhi kuyashukunyiswa ukuvuma noma yini! Ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke ngikhulule! Kungani Abaphenyi Nabahluleli Abalaleli Umongameli? Kungani abashushisi bengabhikishi ngezenzo zabaphenyi? Noma kulokhu futhi kuqukethe ukuncintisana - ukutshala izidingo zomuntu nokuthi kudingeka malini?
- Izinga elijwayelekile lesabelo somkhakha wombuso emnothweni kulinganiselwa cishe nge-30% ye-GDP, naseRussia cishe amakota amathathu, "kusho iPhini LikaMqondisi weSikhungo Sokucwaninga Ngamanye amazwe" Isikhungo Sentuthuko "se-High School of Ezomnotho ze-velery Mironov. - Ngaphezu kwalokho, "imfihlo" ingxenye yesabelomali sombuso waseRussia ngonyaka we-2014 sasingama-14%, manje sekukhulu kakhulu. Kuleli lizwe kunezinhlobo ze- "Hybrid" ze-State Capitalism, lapho uMbuso unomthelela ezixazululweni zokutshala kwezinkampani ezizimele, ezinazo kuphela imali encane kuphela.
Ngaphambi nje kokuxoshwa kwakhe ngoNovemba 2020, inhloko ye-FAS Igor Arteryev yaqinisekisa ukuthi "amamephu omgwaqo" ohlelweni lukazwelonke alugcwalisiwe hhayi ngaphezulu kwama-60%. Isibonelo, embonini kadoti ngo-85% wemincintiswano yesifunda yokukhetha opharetha wendawo, kwakungekho mncintiswano - uhlelo lokusebenza olulodwa lwalufuna.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuncintisana, umbuso awenzi buthaka ukulawulwa kwebhizinisi, kepha uyakukhulisa - lelo yi-Russian Paradox. Umshushisi Jikelele weRussia Igor Krasnov uthe wayehlose ukuqinisa ukulawulwa kokuthengwa kwezombuso ekucwaningweni kwamaqembu ama-akhawunti. Kwavela ukuthi kule minyaka emihlanu edlule, isilinganiso sokuthengwa kwezimo sikahulumeni sesikhule kuphela futhi safinyelela ama-31% we-GDP. Lokho wukuthi, cishe ingxenye yesithathu yemali yezwe ijikeleza ohlelweni, ngokusho kwezimiso zalo kusuka kumqondo we- "Market". Ngaphambi koNyaka oMusha, iKremlin yathela uwoyela emlilweni, imemezela isifiso sokulawula amanani entengo yokuthengisa ngokudla okuyisisekelo.
Futhi ngenkathi uhlelo olusha lokuthuthukiswa komncintiswano ngo-2021-2026 lwethulwa, ingxoxo ngokuvuselelwa okungenzeka kweNyuvesi Yezwe izokhala. Kungenzeka ukuthi naye uzoba nesibopho sokuncintisana ezweni futhi.
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