Compass is used for locality orientation. The principle of its work is based on interaction with the magnetic field of the Earth, since the compass itself is also a magnet. His arrow can rotate freely. But how will the device behave on magnetic poles?
What is the magnetic pole of the Earth and where is it?
Our planet has a magnetic field (geomagnetic), which arose about 4.2 billion years ago. According to the most common versions of scientists, it is created by internally sources (core). This field acts on moving electric charges, as well as bodies that possess the magnetic moment, despite the state of their movement.
The magnetic field performs the most important function. It protects the Earth, artificial satellites from the effects of cosmic particles, for example, solar wind. Under the influence of the geomagnetic field, the direction of their movement is changing.
The magnetic pole is a conditional point on the ground surface, where the field lines are located at right angles. Magnetic poles are two, as well as geographical - North and South, but they do not match each other.
In fact, according to the laws of physical magnetism, the South Pole is located in the north, and North in the south. But, in order to avoid confusion, scientists agreed to call them with the usual way.
An interesting fact: the northern magnetic pole was found on June 1, 1831 by the Englishman J. Ross near P-ov Boutia (Arctic). In 1841, he determined where the South Pole (Antarctica) is located.
Magnetic poles do not belong to antipodes, since the magnetic field of the Earth is asymmetric. They are in constant movement, and the movement of the poles is carefully fixed by scientists. For example, the North Pole moves along the elliptical trajectory and gradually shifts to the north-west.
About 400 years he was located in the Arctic area in Canada. According to the preliminary assumptions of scientists, already in 2020 Pole was supposed to be in Russia. However, the speed of his movement has repeatedly changed. The South Pole is at this time on the edge of Antarctica.
How is the compass?
Depending on the instrument model, it can be equipped with one or two arrows. The compass arrow always indicates north (or north and south, in this case the northern direction is usually marked with some color). The magnetic arrow is located along the geomagnetic field lines.
To determine the direction, the compass has horizontally. The arrow is removed from the retainer (it is necessary for ease of use). According to the law of magnetic poles, the same poles are repelled, and different things are attracted. Therefore, the compass always indicates one direction.
The compass shows the magnetic pole of the Earth, and not geographic. Since they do not quite coincide, and the poles are constantly moving, a certain error is allowed, but it is not critical for orientation.
An interesting fact: in 2019 (for the first time in 360 years), the northern magnetic and geographical pole fully coincided. This happened on the zero Greenwich Meridian in London.
Does the compass work in the North and South Pole?
On the magnetic pole, the compass works incorrectly. The device is designed to horizontal use - in this position, the arrow is located along the power lines and shows the direction. On the magnetic poles, the power lines are located at an angle of 90º. If the hull arrow would not be securely fixed, it would be sought to take the same vertical position.
The arrows readings in this case will depend on the characteristics of the compass design. If it lies freely on the axis, it turns and stop moving. If the arrow floats in the liquid, it will take an arbitrary position.
The compass testimony on the magnetic poles is incorrect, since the conditions for its use are violated. Usually the arrow is located horizontally - along the power lines of the geomagnetic field. On the poles, the power lines occupy a vertical position, so the arrow tends to him, but this is not provided by the compass design.
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