Enye yeemfuno zenkqubo ye-bogna, apho iRussia yangena ngo-2003 - imodeli yenkqubo yamanqanaba amabini emfundo, ehambelana nendawo enye yemfundo yaseYurophu: isidanga sokuqala kunye nokufumana isidanga sokuqala. Amanqanaba amatsha okwenza ashiye kakubi kwaye enze amathandabuzo malunga nenqanaba lokulungiselela isidanga. Masiqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha ukufana kunye nolwahluko kwezi nkqubo.
Kodwa kuqala, makhe siyifumane ngengcinga eyaziwayo ye "ngcali", eqinile ngokuqinileyo ekunganyameni abaqeshi abafuna ukufumana i-"Imveliso egqityiweyo", enokuthi ngokungqinelana nezodwa.
Ingcali (eyodwa)
Ngoku singathetha ngeengcali kweli xesha lidlulileyo, kuba ukwenziwa ngokutsha kwemfundo ephezulu eRussia isuse kweli nqanaba loqeqesho "kwiimvavanyo zembali".
Kwinkqubo yeSoviet, iiyunivesithi zenze indima ekhokelayo ekulungiseleleni iingcali zeprofayile. Ezi nkqubo beziphuculwe rhoqo, zabonisa impumelelo yakutshanje yesayensi, kwaye rhoqo kuphuhliso lwezinto ezithile zaba ziziseko zombutho weZobusha.
Umfundi ophumelele iYunivesithi, ngaphandle koqeqesho olukhethekileyo, wafumana ulwazi olusisiseko lwendawo efanelekileyo enika ingqesho enokubakho kwishishini elifanelekileyo kunye / okanye ukubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yesayensi.
Nabani na unokungena eyunivesithi emva kokuphumelela ngempumelelo kwiimviwo zomlomo nangokhuphiswano lwezatifikethi okanye idiplomas yezikolo zobugcisa. Abaphumeleleyo abaphumeleleyo, kwangoko emva kokuphela kweDyunivesithi, baya emsebenzini - ingqesho kwinkcitho, kunye noqeqesho lwasimahla, lwaqinisekiswa nguRhulumente.
Ngokufanayo, umfundi wayenethuba lokufumana enye indlela ekhethekileyo, kuba iikhosi ezintathu zokuqala azifundayo zoqeqesho olusisiseko kwindawo ekhethiweyo. Inkqubo evunyelweyo ukuba ilungiselele imbali yobubanzi. Uqeqesho loSovelo kwiDyunivesithi nganye: ISayensi yezeNtlalontle, iziseko zenzululwazi ngokubanzi (iziseko zethiyori), izikhombisi ezikhethekileyo, kunye nezinye iindlela, kunye nemfundo yomzimba. Kwiiyunivesithi, kwakukho amasebe oqeqesho emkhosini. Abaphumelele kwiiyunivesithi zeSoviet, ngaphandle komsebenzi, bafumana iseti eyimfuneko yolwazi lokukhula okuqhubekayo kunye nokuziphucula, ukuphuculwa kwezentlalo okanye ukwakhiwa okuphumelelayo kwizakhiwo zolawulo.
Uqeqesho kwiiyunivesithi lwaqhubeka neminyaka emi-5-6, kuxhomekeka kwicala kunye nobunzima bokulungiselela. Ukuqala ngezifundo ezi-3-4, abafundi balungisa ikhosi ekhethiweyo uqeqesho (i-overation), equka icandelo lonyaka ophelileyo, emva koko bavunyelwa ukuba banikezwe amazwe aphumelele. I-thesis inokuqhubeka nemisebenzi yophando kwisikolo semfundo, izixhobo zakhe zazisekwe kwi-prosertation yegqirha ukuba umntu othwelwe ngulo mfundi wakhetha umsebenzi wezenzululwazi.
Inqanaba elincinci loqeqesho malunga namacandelo-kwenye yenkqubo yeprofayili: Ukukhetha umsebenzi kwakunqunyelwe ngeziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo. Imfundo yesibini yamabanga aphezulu inokufumaneka kwi-amentia. Abafundi befom yembalelwano yokufunda kunye nokusebenza komsebenzi awafumananga. Rhoqo, abasebenzi abaphambili bathunyelwa ukuba bafundisise kwishishini: ngoko ke kwasekwa indawo yolawulo lwabasebenzi.
Umgangatho wemfundo kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo uSoviet waqinisekiswa ngokukhethwa kwezicelo zabafaki-zicelo mahala, inkuthazo yabo, ukufundisisa iiSayensi ezisisiseko ngokudibeneyo neendlela zokuSebenza.
I-Bachelor noMagister
Okokuqala, malunga nolwahluko olusisiseko loqeqesho kwiSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo saseNtshona, esenziwe kwimibandela yoluntu ophucukileyo.
ENtshona, imfundo yamabanga aphakamileyo - ukuqondisa kwecandelo labemi. Ke ngoko, inkqubo, kubandakanya neBologna, yasekwa phantsi kwezicelo zeshishini. Imfundo ephakamileyo yaphesheya ibonelela ngesixa esifunekayo sabasebenzi abafanelekileyo, kunye nobuncinci besixa esifunekayo sezakhono kunye nezakhono zokwenza imisebenzi ethile yobuchule.
Ke ngoko, ixesha lokufunda kwiiyunivesithi zaseNtshona, njengommiselo, alikho ngaphezulu kweminyaka emi-4, kwaye ekugqibeleni kwabelwe iqondo lemfundo le-bachelor. Inkqubo yoqeqesho iqulathe ngokwamanqanaba ama-3. Ngeli xesha, kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala, nokuba yeyiphi na ihambo ekhethekile, abafundi baphonononga iindlela eziqhelekileyo, kunye nesincoko. Iminyaka emi-2 elandelayo sisifundo sokuqeqeshwa ngokukhethekileyo okhethekileyo, ngokuchanekileyo- umntu wabo, amacandelo awodwa. Kuluhlu lwezifundo ezifundwayo - onyanzelekileyo kwaye ezinye iindlela (ezifundwayo ukusuka kunyaka wokuqala). Kwizifundo ezi-3-4, abafundi beeyunivesithi zangabangaphandle baqeqeshwa ngokwesicwangciso sabantu, esisisiseko sokhetho lomfundi kunye nezakhono zalo zezezimali (uqeqesho ngalunye olukhethiweyo luhlawulwa ngereyithi eyahlukileyo).
Iindlela zokufunda nemveliso azibonelelwanga, kodwa abafundi, ukuba bayafuna, banokuyidlulisa kwisiseko se "Inkqubo yeNtsebenziswano". Oku kuthetha ukuba uqeqesho lomfundi lunyanzelekile ukuba luhlawule. Kule meko, ixesha loqeqesho landiswa ukuya kwiminyaka emi-5, okanye ngaphezulu kweminyaka emi-4, ngenxa yokuncitshiswa okukhulu kwiholide yehlobo.
Ukuba uthelekisa inkqubo ye-bogna yeSoviet, inqanaba lolwazi lwe-bachelor lilingana nenqanaba lengcali yekhosi yama-3 (oko kukuthi, ingcali nemfundo engapheliyo). Kananjalo, iimfaneleko zikaBachelor ziyathelekiswa nolwazi lwesidanga sesikolo sobugcisa okanye kwikholeji, ngaphandle kwento yokuba le yokugqibela ifumana uqeqesho olufanelekileyo.
Inqanaba lokugqibela lokufunda luqeqesho lweminyaka emibini kunye nokunikezelwa kwenqanaba lemfundo ye-Mastermic elingana nomfundi ofumene iyunivesithi yaseSoviet.
Xa uqeqesho kubume boomasipala, abafundi bahlulahlulwe baba ngamaqela ama-3 aqhelekileyo:
- "Abafundi" abasebenza "- bajolise ekumamele ikhosi epheleleyo kwaye bafumana isidanga senkosi;
- "Abafundi" abanemiqathango - banamatyala abafundi abangabavumeli ukuba bafakwe kwi-menism ukuba bapheliswe ngokupheleleyo "ukupheliswa kwemisila";
- "Abafundi abakhethekileyo" ababangabanga isidanga senkosi, kodwa abafuna ukungena ngolwazi olunzulu lwenye yezi uqeqesho.
Ngexesha lokuqeqeshwa koomasipala, umfundi "uyanamathela kumcebisi", okanye isuphavayiza, okanye isuphavayiza, apho ikharityhulamu ikhuselwe khona ukuze ilungiselele ngakumbi kunye nokukhuselwa kwe-thesis (okanye iprojekthi).
Uvavanyo luphela ngovavanyo oludlulayo, kunye nokukodwa. Injongo yakhe kukufunda ubuchule obukhulu. Abaphumelele inkosi, njengommiselo, baqhubeke nokuhlala imisebenzi yophando.
Izigqibo
Imfundo ephezulu eNtshona igxile kuphuhliso oluzimeleyo lolwazi. Inani lezinye izindululo lingaphantsi kakhulu kunokuba lalinikezelwe kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo iSoviet. Ke ngoko, ubunzulu bolwazi obufumeneyo kunye nezicwangciso zabantu ezikhethwe ngabafundi zibangela ukuthandabuza njengoqeqesho lweengcali.
Ukongeza, inkqubo ye-bogna, ibeka ubukhulu becala uqeqesho oluzimeleyo lwabafundi kwizikolo zaseRashiya, kuba eyona ndima iphambili kulungiselelo lwabafundisi-ntsapho banikwa utitshala.
Ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwenkqubo ye-bogna kwindawo yemfundo yaseRussia, amanye amagosa avela kwiSikolo seSikolo saseRefor, okanye inxenye yomsebenzi katitshala ukuba iguqukele kubazali babo.
Ngokumalunga noku, kuyavela imibuzo: Ngaba akufuneki abazali, kule meko, ukuba baqhubeke noqeqesho olukhethekileyo kwi-Didagog, kwengqondo kunye neendlela zokufundisa? Kutheni ke kufuneka sifumane isikolo ukuba yonke intsapho iya kuba notitshala wabo? Umbuzo wokubonelela abantwana yinkululeko enkulu, mhlawumbi, ayinakucelwa: le nto ichasene nengqondo yethu - okokuqala, kwaye, eyesibini, abantwana basesikolweni akunakulindeleka ukuba balwazi uxanduva olupheleleyo njengolwazi olubalulekileyo kwixesha elizayo.