Enye yezidingo zohlelo lweBologna, lapho iRussia ijoyine khona ngo-2003 - imodeli yesigaba esineziteji ezimbili zemfundo ephakeme, ehambelana nesikhala semfundo esisodwa saseYurophu: iziqu zabafundi kanye namamakazi. Amazinga amasha wokwakheka ahamba kabi futhi adale ukungabaza ngezinga lokulungela kwabaphothuli. Ake sibheke ngokuningiliziwe ukufana nokwehluka kulezi zinhlelo.
Kepha okokuqala, ake sikubone ngomqondo owaziwayo we- "Specialist", osekelwe ngokuqinile ekwazini kwabaqashi abafuna ukuthola "umkhiqizo ophelile", ngokuya ngokukhethekile.
Uchwepheshe (Okhethekile)
Manje sesikwazi ukukhuluma ngochwepheshe esikhathini esedlule, ngoba ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezemfundo ephakeme eRussia kudilize leli zinga lokuqeqeshwa "emaceleni omlando".
Ohlelweni lweSoviet, amanyuvesi enza indima eholayo ekulungiseleleni ochwepheshe bephrofayili. Izinhlelo zathuthukiswa njalo, zibonisa impumelelo yakamuva yesayensi, futhi imvamisa ukuthuthukiswa kolunye lwalezi zinto ezikhethekile kwaba yisisekelo senhlangano ye-Institute yephrofayili efanele.
I-University Graduate, ngaphandle kwemiyalo ekhethekile, yathola ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwendawo efanelekile eyanikeza amathuba okuqashwa embonini efanele kanye / noma ebambe iqhaza emisebenzini yesayensi.
Noma ngubani angangena eyunivesithi ngemuva kokudlula ngempumelelo kwezivivinyo zomlomo nezibhaliwe kanye nomncintiswano wezitifiketi noma ama-diplomas ezikole zezobuchwepheshe. Iziqu zesikhathi esigcwele, ngokushesha ngemuva kokuphela kweNyuvesi, baya emsebenzini - umsebenzi ngokukhethekile, kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwamahhala, kwaqinisekiswa ngumbuso.
Ngokufana, umfundi waba nethuba lokuzilibazisa okunye okukhethekile, ngoba izifundo ezintathu zokuqala afunda izigwegwe eziyisisekelo endaweni ekhethiwe. Uhlelo luvunyelwe ukulungiselela kalula uchwepheshe wephrofayili ebanzi. Iziyalo ezithathelanayo eyunivesithi ngayinye zaziyisayensi: isayensi yezenhlalo, izinto ezijwayelekile (izisekelo zethiyori), izinkomba ezikhethekile, ezihlukile, kanye nemfundo yomzimba. Emanyuvesi, bekuneminyango yokuqeqeshwa ngokwempi. Abathweswe iziqu emanyuvesi aseSoviet, ngaphandle komsebenzi, bathola isethi edingekayo yolwazi ngokukhula nokuzithuthukisa, ukuthuthuka ngempumelelo noma ukwakhiwa kwamakhono ngezinhlaka zokuphatha.
Ukuqeqeshwa emanyuvesi kuyaqhubeka iminyaka engu-5-6, kuya ngesiqondiso nobunzima bokulungiselela. Ukuqala ngezifundo ezi-3-4, abafundi abalungiselelwe izifundo ezikhethiwe ku-Chosen Distiction (Ochwepheshe), okubandakanya ingxenye yethiyori nengokoqobo, futhi ngonyaka owedlule - i-thesis, ngemuva kwalokho abavunyelwe ukukhipha iziqu. I-thesis ingaba ukuqhubeka kwemisebenzi yocwaningo esikoleni sokuphothula iziqu, izinto zayo zazisuselwa kwi-dissertation yodokotela uma iziqu zakhetha umsebenzi wesayensi.
Izinga elincanyana lokuqeqeshwa likhona ezikhungweni - kwenye yezindlela ezikhethekile zephrofayili: Ukukhetha umsebenzi kukhawulelwe yizimfanelo ezifanele. Imfundo yesibili ephezulu ingatholakala engekho. Abafundi bohlobo lwembambandlela yokuqeqeshwa kwabafundi bokuqeqeshwa kanye nokuqondisa komsebenzi akutholanga. Imvamisa, izisebenzi ezithuthukile zathunyelwa ukuzofunda zivela ebhizinisini: Ngakho-ke kwakhiwa imali yokuphatha abasebenzi.
Izinga lemfundo esikoleni esiphakeme saseSoviet laqinisekiswa ukukhethwa okugcwele kwezicelo mahhala, ukugqugquzelwa kwabo, ukutadisha isayensi eyisisekelo ngokuhlanganiswa nezindlela zokukhiqiza.
I-Bachelor neMagister
Okokuqala, ngokuhluka okuyisisekelo kokuqeqeshwa esikoleni esiphakeme saseNtshonalanga, okwakheke ezimeni zomphakathi othuthukile wongxowa.
ENtshonalanga, imfundo ephakeme - okuvela phambili kwezingxenye ezivikelwe zabantu. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo, kufaka phakathi iBologna, lakhiwa ngaphansi kwezicelo zebhizinisi. Imfundo ephakeme phesheya ihlinzeka ngenani elidingekayo labasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe, elinenani eliphansi elidingekayo lamakhono namakhono okwenza imisebenzi ethile yobungcweti.
Ngakho-ke, isikhathi sokufunda emanyuvesi asentshonalanga, njengomthetho, sihlala iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-4, futhi ekugcineni kwabafundi banikezwe iziqu zeBachelor. Uhlelo lokuqeqeshwa luhlukaniswe ngezikhathi ezi-3. Ngalesi sikhathi, phakathi neminyaka emibili yokuqala, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ukhethekile okhethiwe, abafundi bahlola iziyalo ezijwayelekile, bese kuba yindatshana. Iminyaka emi-2 ezayo ukutadisha iziyalo ngokukhethekile okukhethiwe, ngokunembile - izigaba zazo, ezikhethekile. Uhlu lwezifundo ezifundwe - okuphoqelekile nezindlela eziningi (ezifundwe kusukela ngonyaka wokuqala). Okwezifundo ezi-3-4, abafundi bamanyuvesi bakwamanye amazwe baqeqeshwa ngokuya ngohlelo oluthile, oludonswa ngesisekelo sokuthandwa kwabafundi namandla alo akhethiwe (isiyalo ngasinye esikhethiwe sikhokhwa ngenani elihlukile).
Izindlela zokufundisa nokukhiqiza azinikeziwe, kepha abafundi, uma befiswa, bangayidlulisela ngesisekelo sohlelo lokubambisana ". Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa kokukhiqizwa komfundi nakho kuphoqelekile ukukhokha. Kulokhu, isikhathi sokuqeqeshwa selulekwa eminyakeni emi-5, noma ngaphezulu kweminyaka emi-4, ngenxa yokuncipha okukhulu emaholide ehlobo.
Uma uqhathanisa uhlelo lweBologna neSoviet, izinga lolwazi lweBachelor lihambelana cishe nezinga le-3-4 Course Offist (okungukuthi, onguchwepheshe onemfundo ephakeme engapheli). Futhi, iziqu ze-bachelor ziqhathaniswa nolwazi lokuthola iziqu zesikole sezobuchwepheshe noma ekolishi, yize iqiniso lokuthi lokhu kuthola ukuqeqeshwa okuhle okusebenzayo.
Isigaba sokufunda sokufunda singukuqeqeshwa kweminyaka emibili nokwabelwa kwezifundo ze-Master's Acation Degree ezilingana neziqu ezathola okukhethekile eyunivesithi yaseSoviet.
Lapho ukuqeqeshwa kuMamaricy, abafundi bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-3 ajwayelekile:
- Abafundi "Abajwayelekile" - okuhloswe ngawo ukulalela inkambo ephelele futhi bathole iziqu ze-Master;
- "Abafundiswa" Abanemibandela "- Ukuba nezikweletu ezifundwayo ezingavumeli ukuthi ziboshwe kumamamaziya ekuqedeni okuphelele kwemisila" yemisila ";
- Abafundi "abakhethekile" abafuni iziqu ze-Master, kepha abafuna ukululama ngomunye wemiyalo.
Ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa kuMamaricy, umfundi "unamathisela kumeluleki", noma umphathi, lapho kudonswa khona ikharikhulamu eyodwa ukuze kulungiswe futhi kuvikelwe yi-thesis (noma iphrojekthi).
Amamagistracy aphela ngezivivinyo ezidlulayo, kanye nokukhethekile. Umgomo wakhe ukukwazi kahle ubungcweti obuncane. Iziqu ze-Master, njengomthetho, qhubeka uthathe imisebenzi yocwaningo.
iziphetho
Imfundo ephakeme eNtshonalanga igxile ekuthuthukisweni okuzimele kolwazi. Inani lezinkulumo lincane kakhulu kunalokho elihlinzekelwe esikoleni esiphakeme saseSoviet. Ngakho-ke, ukujula kolwazi okutholakele kanye nezinhlelo ngazinye ezikhethwe ngabafundi zibangela ukungabaza njengokuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lweBologna, lubeka ukuqeqeshwa kwabafundi okuzimele kakhulu, akuhlobene nezinhlelo zemfundo ejwayelekile ezikoleni zaseRussia, ngoba indima enkulu lapho kulungiswa uthisha kuzo.
Ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kohlelo lweBologna esikhaleni sezemfundo saseRussia, ezinye izikhulu ezivela ekukhanyiseni kwezemfundo yezikole ze-Reformat, noma izingane zomsebenzi kaMfundisi ziguqukele kubazali bazo.
Mayelana nalokhu, kuphakama imibuzo: akufanele yini, kulokhu, kulokhu, ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile kuma-pedagogy, psychology kanye namasu wokufundisa? Kungani-ke udinga isikole uma yonke imindeni izoba nothisha wayo? Umbuzo yokunikeza izingane kuyinto ukuzimela, mhlawumbe, ayikwazi wabuza: lokhu kungqubuzana sengqondo zethu - lokuqala, futhi, okwesibili, izingane abasesikoleni cishe ukuqaphela isibopho esiphelele njengoba ulwazi ebalulekile esikhathini esizayo.