"Imithetho yokuqala eyathintela ungcoliseko lwamanzi kunye nomoya wavela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-Xix. Kuyinyani, bona, kunye namaxwebhu afanayo amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, awazange abe neenqobo zokucoca ngokucacileyo. Imizamo yokuphuhlisa amanyathelo apheleleyo aphezulu ngokuchasene nongcoliseko lwamashishini baqala nge-1890s kwaye bengayeki kwinguqu. Abazange bazise iziphumo ezinzulu kwindiza yezomthetho, kodwa bandise kakhulu izimvo zesayensi malunga nokusingqongileyo, "utshilo umphandi omkhulu weziko" indoda, ubuchwephesha "Iteknoloji" vinoi vinograd.
Ngokutsho kombhali-mbali, ngokufuthi ukungcoliseka kwamanzi nomoya ngenkunkuma ekuhlaleni kuya kuthathwa ngempazamo njengengxaki yale mihla ifunyenwe njengelifa kwizifundo zeSoviet. Bambalwa abantu abakhumbula ukuba kwixesha lokuqhelazwa kwezomzi-mveliso, inkampani yafumana amathuba angazange abonakalise kwaye aqeshe izinto, kunye nezinto ezihlanganisiweyo kwindalo kunye nezempilo zazingafakwanga. Mhlawumbi, ke, ukwakhiwa kwezimvo zamkele ngokubanzi malunga nongcoliseko lwemizi-mveliso kunye neendlela zokulwa kwazo kwakude.
"Kuyo yonke i-Xix (kwaye kungekuphela), kwasetyenziswa amanqanaba ecocekileyo kuphela ngokukhethekileyo: Abarhwebi batyeshelwa, omnye, ngokuchasene noko, banokuphambuka kakhulu. Ngelo xesha, izityalo kunye neefektri zaba zininzi, kodwa zona kuphela ezona zinkulu zazo zaba ziyinkxalabo ye-Vinograph.
Kunomdla wokwazi ukuba isisombululo sokuqala seRussia malunga nokuthotyelwa kwemigangatho ecocekileyo ekwakhiweni kweefektri, sifune ukusombulula ingxaki yokungcoliseka ngokungcolisa. Kwenzeka ngo-1803: uAlexander ndabhengeza ummiselo weerhuluneli ukuba axele kwi "fectories" eziyingozi kunye nenkonzo yangaphakathi kwaye ingavumeli ukwakhiwa kwawo emizini.
"Enkosi kummiselo we-1803, ubulungiseleli bemicimbi yangaphakathi baba ngowona gunya liphezulu lokujongana nemicimbi enxulumene nongcoliseko lwemizi-mveliso (kwaye bahlala kwi-prollution. Nangona kunjalo, iirhuluneli zamiselwa kuphela ukuba zinike ingxelo kwiingxaki, kwaye zingasombulula. Ukongeza, ummiselo akazange anikele imiyalelo ngokuhambelana nezityalo eziyingozi ezakhiwe ngezakhiwo zomthetho. B 1818 INtloko yeCandelo loMphathiswa amapolisa, ukubalwa kwe-vyazakinov babuza ukuba abalawuli bagcwalise ingxelo yemveliso, "hlasela nokungahlambuluki".
Izintlu zajika zaba zinomtsalane, ukuba zibanciphise kwaye zimisele imilinganiselo efanelekileyo yeCandelo leMicimbi yangaphakathi kuphela ngo-1826. Izityalo zibuze ukuba zidluliselwe kwiindawo ezintsha ngaphandle kwezixeko kwaye zingezantsi kokuhamba kwemilambo. Isigqibo solu mbandela sanikwa iPaunci leeminyaka ezilishumi, kodwa kwakungaphelelanga kwinqanaba lobukumkani. Ezo ndawo kwakufuneka zingabikho esixekweni (ngelo xesha bakhulisa ngokukhawuleza), kodwa kungakude kakhulu ukuze bangaphulukani kwiindlela zothutho. Kwangelo xesha, umthetho awuzange umbeki umgama ovumelekileyo, owenza isigqibo sombandela, utshilo u-Andrei Vinograph.
Njengoko isifundo saboniswa, ukuvalwa komsebenzi wokwakha amashishini abuthathaka kwizixeko zangena kumthetho waseRussia ngonaphakade. Kude kube ngo-1917, wahlala kwinqaku elingumtshata wokwakha, ofunde: "Iifektri ze-fectors, ukucoceka komoya okuyingozi, kwizixeko ezinokubakho. Ukuba kukho apho sele kukho khona, uMphathiswa wemicimbi yangaphakathi yenziwa kwezi, ngenkcazo ekhethekileyo yomgangatho wabo kunye namaxabiso. Ukudluliselwa olu hlobo lwamaziko, abaphathi bephondo banyanzelekile ukuba babele iindawo kwaye basasaze abo banomdla kubo ukuba baqinisekise ukuba akukho maziko acwangciswe naphi na. "
Nangona kunjalo, isenzo salo mgangatho salinganiselwe kwinqaku lama-409, elivumelekile ukuba lishiya amashishini kwiindawo zangaphambili zokulahlwa kwenkonzo yeMicimbi yangaphakathi. Abarhwemi bezommiselo banokubhenela kuMphathiswa ongaphakathi, odla ngokukhokelwa kwiSebe lezoNyango lweCandelo leMicimbi yangaphakathi. Kuphela ngabanini bemveliso abatyebileyo, ababesebenzisa inkxaso yerhuluneli bahlala bevunyelwa kwinqanaba elinje.
B 1845 yayiyindawo yokohlwaya kunye nokulungisa. Iveze uxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho, ngakumbi, lokwaphula ubunyulu bomoya kunye namanzi nolwaphulo-mthetho malunga nolwaphulo-mthetho loluntu. Ngokutsho kwakhe, umzi-mveliso onobungozi kwisidanga seSixeko okanye ngaphezulu kwawo umlambo ngenxa ye-rulprit, eya kuthi ihlawule i-rubprit, eya kufuneka ihlawule isohlwayo se-50-100. Ukuba ishishini lakhiwa ngaphandle kwemvume, elinye isohlwayo kunye nembuyekezo yokwenzakalisa ebangelwe kubo bonke abantu.
Ababhali-mbali bagxininisa ukuba kuyinkozo yomthetho ephenjelelwa kukuba ukumiselwa izohlwayo kunqabile ukuba kusetyenziswe isicelo kwiingxabano ezinxulumene nongcoliseko. Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, ukubaluleka kwamashishini anyukayo: Bazisa inzuzo kuRhulumente kwaye banika iindlela zokusebenza ukwanda kwenani labasebenzi. Kodwa le nkqubo icetywe kuphela izigqibo ezibini kuphela: Isityalo sinokubonwa njengengozi kwaye sivaliwe, okanye sijongwa njengengozi kwaye sihlala sisendaweni.
Imeko ephakathi iye yafikeleleka kamva: Xa uAlexander II uguqule uguqule inkqubo yezomthetho kunye nokuzilawula kwalapha ekhaya, umthetho wococeko sele utshintshile. Itshata yesohlwayo (1864) ibonelele ngeenkundla kwilungelo lokuya "kunqaba" abanini befektri yokukhutshelwa kokungahlambuluki okanye ukugcinwa kweendawo apho kuthathwa khona ukusetyenziswa kwangaphakathi. " Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1870, ukwakhiwa kwamaziko angenamzi mveliso kwizixeko ezitsha kusonjululwe.
Uluhlu lweefektri eziyingozi kunye neefektri ezivela ngaphandle kwezixeko zaqulunqwa yi-Interge yeMicimbi yangaphakathi yokuvumelana ne-Ofisi yezeMali. Ilungelo lokuvuma okanye ukwala isicelo sokulwa kwabo ngaphandle koRhulumente wePhondo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo isikhundla seDum yesixeko. "Ububi ngamandla amagunya asezidolophini, ulawulo kunye neengxabano ze-ZEMASTVon, kodwa kwangaxeshanye yayinokwenzeka ukuba inokwenzeka phakathi kukaRhulumente," ingcali ikholelwayo.
Ngokuka-Andrei Vinograph, kwi-Xix nenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, urhulumente waseRussia akazange ashiye umbono wokukhulisa umthetho owodwa, onokuthi alawule indawo yokuhlala kunye nemeko yokucoceka yamashishini. Umsebenzi Apha ubonakalisa ngokuyintloko iSebe leMicimbi yangaphakathi kunye neCandelo loMphathiswa Wezimali. Ke, ngo-1894, iSebe leMicimbi yaKhuli-hlulo laqala ukuvelisa imithetho yenkunkuma yemizi-mveliso nasekukhuseleni amanzi kumonakalo, kuquka nombane, iifilitha zamalahle, i-quels yokunkcenkceshela kunye nokufumana amaphiko.
Kungekudala inyathelo lafunyanwa liCandelo lezeziMali, emva kokuba lo msebenzi "usungulwa zizithintelo" xa uvula amashishini (eyona nto iphambili kwezi "iingxaki" zathathwa njengeyona nto ifuna usomashishini ucoceko). Emva kokuba esebenze iminyaka eliqela, iKhomishini ayizange ingeniswe kwiBhunga likaRhulumente loMthetho omtsha oyiliweyo.
Kwiminyaka yeshumi yokuqala yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, amaziko ahlaziyiweyo (eli xesha le-Kostroma) aphinda acele ukuba aphuhlise imeko yokuxinana kwenkunkuma yemveliso yolwelo. Lo mbandela wabandakanyeka kwiBhunga lezoNyango lweMicimbi yangaphakathi kwaye wakhulula iSetyhula ngo-1908: amanzi amdaka xa betshintshelwa kwi-proedvoir bakufanele ukuba babe ngama-30 degrees Celsius, ukuba bangabinayo Ilungele isilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela yagxeka i-moscow yezamashishini.
Bakhomba kwimisebenzi ye-Munich i-Munich Max von Peon PeonTherto kunye nethiyori yokuzicocwa kwemilambo, ngokwenzekayo ityhefu enetyhefu ngamanzi amakhulu emilambo. Imibutho yemizi-mveliso nayo ikwafuna ukupeyinta iimeko zasekhaya kwimeko nganye. Ngenxa yoko, ngo-1912, uMlawuli uNicholas II utyikitye umthetho ekusekeni "kwekomiti yethutyana yophando lwamanyathelo okukhusela imibutho yamanzi e-moscow ngamanzi amdaka kunye neefektri." Ikomiti yaqalisa ukufunda imilambo kunye neyona mveliso iyingozi yommandla.
Njengoko isifundo siboniswe, ukudalwa 'kwekomiti yethutyana "kwakhokelela kwingxabano phakathi kwale nkonzo zimbini. ICandelo loMphathiswa Wezemicimbi Yokuphakama iqhubekile nokukhulisa umthetho oyilwayo "kunqabiso lomoya, amanzi", kodwa uFuma Duma wamgatya ngenxa yokungaguquli kwamanyathelo okuphelisa ungcoliseko. Intlanganiso elandelayo yeDuma yayicwangciselwe uMatshi 1917, kodwa azange zenzeke. Ngelishwa, yayiyikomiti "yexeshana" eyeyona ininzi phakathi kwamaziko onke alwa ukungcoliseka.
Wasinda kwinguqulelo yowe-1917 kwaye waqhubeka nokusebenza njengenxalenye yendlela ephezulu phantsi kwegama elitsha "Ikomiti ephambili kukhuseleko lwamanzi". Ngo-1931, amaziko amaninzi amadala alungelelaniswa kwaye waba yinxalenye yezakhiwo ezinkulu zikarhulumente. Eli ntlekele inesithukuthezi kunye neCestrivookran, eyayikho ukusukela ngo-1912. Nangona kunjalo, nakwiminyaka kamva, izazinzulu zaseSoviet, ezijongene nengxaki yongcoliseko, zibhenelwe kwimpumelelo yabasebenzi abanduli kule ndawo. Umsebenzi wenziwa ngenkxaso ye-RFF ngaphakathi kwesakhelo seProjekthi No. 20-7800134.
Umthombo: Inzululwazi yezeSwaziya