Xa kufikwa kwiiteleskopus zendawo, abantu abaninzi baqala ukukhumbula hubble, nangona iinjineli zeminyaka emihlanu idlulileyo zithumele imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo. Enye yezona zinto zinomdla - "I-Astron" ayiziwa kakhulu, kodwa iphumelele iSoviet Union kwiminyaka engama-38 kwiminyaka engama-23 eyadlulayo, ngo-Matshi 23, 1983. Lo myalelo wawusebenza kwi-orbit iminyaka esibhozo endaweni yonyaka ocwangcisiweyo kwaye waqokelela umthwalo obalulekileyo wolwazi malunga neekota ezikude, iinkwenkwezi kunye negalari.
Siza kwazisa abafundi bethu ngobomi beenkwenkwezi zeSoviet kwaye sixele ukuba iphumezwe njani le njongo.
Isithuba esizenzekelayo isikhululo "I-Astron". Wayecinga ntoni?
Ukusukela ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, izazinzulu zaseSoviet zazifuna ukwenza inkqubo yekhaya enokuthi ikwazi ukuchitha ixesha leenkwenkwezi, i-galaxies esebenzayo kunye nezinye izinto kwi-iltraviolet kunye ne-X-ray band. Kwi-X-ray, i-quas, imingxunya emnyama neminye imizimba enomdla yeastronomers, kunye ne-Ultraviolet ye-Ultraviolet ye-Ultraviolet ye-Ultraviolet ibala malunga nokuqulunqwa kwemichiza kunye nobushushu.
Ingxaki kukuba i-X-ray ayifikeleli emhlabeni, ithathelwa ziindawo ezixineneyo zemozulu, kwenzeke okufanayo nemitha ye-UV, iindawo eziphezulu ze-UV i-UV ye-UV ye-UV ye-UV), kodwa zinjalo hayi umdla kwisayensi. Ke ngoko, ukuqhuba okuqapheleyo kwezi ntlobo, kufuneka unyuke ekuphakameni, apho imeko yomoya ayithinteli.
Inxalenye yesayensi yenkqubo ye-ASTRRON yaphendulwa liqela le-Astrophysical Astrophysical ye-Aletsics Alexander Alexander Alearruk (1931-2015), kunye ne-Arhente yeSithuba saseFransi. Ukuqulunqwa kwezixhobo, apho izixhobo zenzululwazi zazicinga - i-Bureau yeBhunga lokugqibela ye-NGO ebizwa emva kwe-S. LEVEKCKIIN. Ngeli xesha, iingcali ze-bureau zakha ngaphandle kwenkqubo enye yeplanethi.
Iinjineli zaseSoviet zagqiba ekubeni zizenzele "isisiseko" esisiseko "yokuhlola kwixesha elizayo ukusuka ekuqaleni, kodwa ukukhetha isikhululo esigqityiweyo esisebenza ngempumelelo kwisithuba. Kwakukho izizathu ezibini ze-IT:
-Ukuza ngokukhawuleza ukulungiselela uvavanyo;
-Ukugcina kule projekthi.
Kwakuyimfuneko ukuba sisixhobo esiya kulingana nenani leemfuno ezinzima. IYAMBI:
-Unokuthwala umthwalo opheleleyo opheleleyo ngohlobo lweteleskoni ye-teleskoni yokubhalisa i-galaxies kunye neenkwenkwezi kwicandelo le-UV kunye ne-X-tescope spectrometer;
-Uye wakhuselwa kakuhle kwiziphumo ze-shirm yelanga;
-Ndinokuhlala ndijikeleza, apho impembelelo yebhanti yemitha yomhlaba iya kuba incinci.
I-Soviet Union yayinezixhobo ezinjalo. Kuzo zonke iimfuno, uthotho lwe-venuny lwalungafaneleke, ebizwa ngokuba yiVenus-15.
Kuyinyani, ngaphambi kokubeka iteleskopu ekuqeshweni kwesitishi, itshintshe kancinci. Isuswe kuyo ukuba ifakwe kuyo utyala kwimoto, eyathabatha isikhululo kumkhondo wenqwelomoya-vemu kunye nendawo yokujonga i-telescopes eqhotyoshelweyo, endaweni yazo, iipaneli zelanga, iiplanga ze-solar, iitanki ze-SORE, Irhasi equlunqa ukwenzela ukuba iSikhululo seSikhululo sinokutshintshwa, i-radiators, igumbi lesixhobo kunye ne-elektroniki, i-eriyali.
Iinjineli zitshintshile kwaye indawo yezinzwa-yenqindi enoxanduva lokujonga "istanomer". Ukuba bashiywe ngendlela efanayo njengoko bema "VUS-15 ", ngokwemiqondiso ye-Exis, kwaye isikhululo saso se-iltraviolet asikwazanga ukutshintsha isifundo, kwaye, njenge Isiphumo, ayikwazanga ukuphonononga eyona ndawo iphakamileyo.
Izixhobo "kwi-Astrona"
Esi sixhobo siphambili sesayensi "I-Astronomer" yinkqubo ye-Ultraviolet Systems "Spestike". Ubunzima obumalunga nama-400 kg. Ububanzi besi sipili siphambili singama-80 cm, ubude obujolise kubude buyi-8 m, ububanzi besi sipili sesibini bungama-26 cm, ubude bendawo yokujonga i-2,7 m. I-FREACT i-2,7 m. .
Iseti ye-teleskopu iquka i-SPSPROMEETREROMETER, eyaphuhliswa ngokudibeneyo neFrance. Esi sixhobo sasinegalelo eli-diaphragms elalivunyelwe ukuba lifunde iindidi ezintathu zezinto: Iinkwenkwezi ezikhanyayo, imizimba yomzimba ebuthathaka kunye ne-nebula, i-NEBURE. Isixhobo esirekhodiweyo kwi-wavelength yamathuba ukusuka kwi-110 ukuya kwi-350 nt kwaye ukusuka kwi-170 ukuya kwi-650 NM.
Elinye isixhobo seSayensi "yi-Istronomer" yi-X-tescrometer ye-TCR-02m, eyadalwa kwiindonga zophando lwendawo ye-USSR ye-Astrophysics Andrei ukusuka kwiLizwe IZiko leenkwenkwezi. I-Sternberg. Isixhobo siqukethe isibini esichonge kunye neebhloko ze-elektroniki kwaye zivunyelwe ukufundisisa izinto ezicekeceke, ezinje ngeenkwenkwezi, ii-neutron ezimhlophe. OKUFUNDISA I-X-ray radiation ye-X-ray kwi-2 ukuya kwi-25 Kev kwaye unokulinganisa zonke ii-milliseconds, ezenze ukuba zikwazi ukubeka iliso kwiminyhadala yamandla etshintsha ngokukhawuleza.
Luluphi ulwazi "Asstron"?
Ngo-Matshi 23, 1983, i-proton ye-proold rocker yazisa indawo yeSoviet. Ukupheliswa kwe-telescope ye-telescope (i-orbit ekufutshane nasemhlabeni) yayikukungqonga ezingama-2 000 km, kunye ne-Apogee (uninzi lwe (uninzi lwendawo ye-Orbit) kwi-200 km. I-orbit enjalo ivumele "i-asstron"% yexesha lokwenza uphando lwenzululwazi kwiibhanti ezingezizo zemitha zomhlaba, ezihlawuliswa amasuntswana anokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwezixhobo. Ukongeza, le okanye i-orbit "igciniwe" ukusuka ekukhangeleni okuqinileyo kwe-geocongen, nto leyo ethintela imvakalelo yezifundo ze-UV.
Omnye udibaniso lwale ribit - Iingcali zeSoviet zinokuqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo "i-Astron" kwizinto zabo zomhlaba, ezibavumela ukuba zisekethelele kwiiseshoni zerediyo ezi-200 phakathi kwama-200 enyakeni.
[Inqaku ngesihloko: Njengoko i-US kunye ne-USSR, inyanga ifuna ukugxeka]
"I-Astron" iqhubekile iiyure ezi-3-4 ngosuku. I-teleskopu inokuskena indawo yezulu kwimizuzu eli-12, ngelixa usenza iseshini enye ukuya kuma-70,000. Isikhululo sasebenza kwimodi, kwimeko yokufunyanwa kwe-gamma okanye enye umsitho wamandla unokuhamba ngokukhawuleza kwindawo oyifunayo yokwalathisa i-ultraviolet yayo kunye nezixhobo ze-X-ray ukuya kumthombo.
Ngexesha lomsebenzi kwi-orbit, i-astronus ifumene idatha kumakhulu emithombo ye-X-ray, intwana ye-quashars kunye neminyele.
NgoAprili 1986, i-Soviet igcinwe ifundwe ngophando lwe-ultraviolet ye-itt halley kwaye incedise oososayensi ukuba bafumane owona mgangatho wokuxhonywa komhlaba, ukuphelelwa kwegesi enamandla xa kuhamba ilanga.
Kananjalo, izazinzulu zaseSoviet zasebenzisa "i-Astron" ye-UV ye-Ozone kwimozulu yoMhlaba, yokuqonda indlela yokuphelisa ukubala i-ozone. Olu lwazi lwalufuneka kuzo zombini izifundo zokusingqongileyo kunye nezomkhosi.
Ngo-1987, izazinzulu zisebenzisa i-Soviet ihlomet kunye nokuqatshelwa kweSupernova. NgoFebruwari, iplanethi yethu ifikelele ekukhanyisweni kwe-Supernoak ye-Supernova i-supernova ye-1987a, eyenzekayo kwilifu elingaphantsi le-mstel. Yayingowona uqhambuko luqaqambileyo kwaye oluqaqambileyo lwe-supernova ukusukela oko kufakwe iteleskopu. "I-Astron" yenye yokuqala yokujonga lo msitho, isifundo saya kwiinyanga ezili-15. I-Soviet Astrophysistics ifumanise ukuba i-SNONTO 1987a ayizange ivele ngexesha lokuqhambuka kwenkwenkwezi enkulu ye-Luminasity, njengoko iingcali ezininzi zazikholelwa ngelo xesha, kwaye xa umntu enesidima esikhululile.
Nazi ezinye izinto ezifunyanwa yi-Astrona. Ngoncedo lwe-telescope, kunokwenzeka ukuba ifumane loo nto:
- Kwanakwiinkwenkwezi ezimasigxina, i-inten ingakhutshwa, kwaye, kwixabiso elikhulu, ukuya kuthi ga kwiitoni ezingamakhulu ezizigidi zomsebenzi wesibini. Okubangela umdla, kunenkanyezi eshushu, eyomeleleyo ukukhululwa, isantya ngamanye amaxesha kufikelela ngaphezulu kwe-1000 km / c;
-Ukuqulunqwa kwekhemikhali yemozulu yeenkwenkwezi ezithile, ukugxininiswa okuphezulu kwe-uranium, kukhokelo, kufunyenwe i-tungten. Ukusuka apho ezi zinto zivele apho, zingekacaca;
Ezi kunye nezinye idatha zincede ngcono ukuqonda indaleko yeenkwenkwezi kunye negalari, kwaye yaba ngumthombo oxabisekileyo wolwazi lwe-Astrophysics.
Iprojekthi ye-Astron ikwanceda ukusombulula imisebenzi emininzi yobugcisa. Umzekelo, iingcali zikwazile ukwenza inkqubo ye-astroker, enokukhokelela iteleskopu enobuso obuphakathi. Kwavela ukuba senziwe izibuko ezinqabileyo kwaye zikhanya kakhulu, kunye nokukhulisa itekhnoloji efanelekileyo yokukhusela iimpahla zabo zokukhusela, zenza i-telescope yomzimba onokukhusela i-thermal ekhutshiweyo.
Iminyaka esibhozo yomsebenzi
Emva konyaka wokuqala womsebenzi kwi-ostrona yeetanki ze-Astrona, kwakusekho irhasi eyaneleyo yokulinganisa, kwaye izixhobo zazikwimeko entle, ke izazinzulu zagqiba kwelokuba zandise umsebenzi weteleskopu.
Ngo-1989, i-Redvatotity Reserve Reserve kwaye ilahlekelwe ngamathuba okulahleka kwamathuba okuzisa izixhobo zabo. Iseshoni yokugqibela yoNxibelelwano kweRadiyo kunye ne-Astronomer yenzeka ngo-Matshi 23, 1991, emva koko kwaphela umsebenzi. Kwisithuba, iteleskopu isebenze iminyaka esibhozo.
Ukuze ufumane umsebenzi ophumeleleyo, iqela leenjineli laseSoviet kunye ne-Astrophysists lanikwa umvuzo we-USSR.
Imithombo yoMbhali osetyenzisiweyo xa ilungiselela izinto:-Uxwebhu kwi-Presidium yeSayensi yeSayensi ye-USSR "I-Astrimical Asstronombical" i-Astron ", eyayilungiselelwe ngu-Astrophysicicician Eanderman;
- Incwadi ethi "I-Astrophysical Izifundo kwisikhululo se-ASTRRON SID." Ihlelwe ngu-A.A. I-Boyarkuk:
-Inqaku: "Izifundo zeSithuba ezenziwa kwiSoviet Union ngo-1983"
- Inqaku elithi "Asstron: IVenera ijika i-telescope"
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