E-Staiden, i-chukchi ibibizwa ngokuba yiLoarravethlans, Chukotov. Amaxesha adlule, kwaye amagama angaphambili ahlala kwimithombo yembali, kodwa abemi baseChukotka bathembekile kwinkcubeko kunye neenkolelo zabo. Ukuzalwa kwaloo ndawo zenzala yenzala yezizwe ezihlanganiswe yitotelelo eqhelekileyo, uluntu lomlilo, izithethe zenkolo kunye nezithethe.
I-Chukchi yanamhlanje, njengookhokho bawo, zahlulwe zaba ziindidi ezimbini - i-Nomadic Rindeers kunye nabazingeli bezivali, izilwanyana ezivela kwimizi-mveliso. Abavelisi benja yenja bathathelwa ingqalelo udidi olukhethekileyo, oluzalela izinja ezibonisa i-harness, apho abantu bahamba khona kwizinto ezinekhephu. Ithetha ntoni igama le-chukchi? Lalinjani ibali labo? Kwaye inokuba yintoni inkcubeko yabo bantu?
I-Ethingm
Igama eliqhelekileyo "I-Chukchi" lalibonakala kudala. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ezadlulayo, amaRussia naseYakuts aqalisa ukubiza abemi ophambili we-chukotka. Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, igama le-Naming lawa igama "Chaood", nto leyo ethi: "Oko kuthetha" i-Deer "esityebileyo" kwi-chukotb yesihlomelo.
Yiloo nto ibizwa ngokuba ziinkomo ze-reindeer. Kodwa, njengoko benditshilo, i-chukchi inamaqela aliqela awahlukileyo kwindawo yokuhlala kunye nohlobo lomsebenzi. Umzekelo, abahlaseli bezinja babiza i-Anklyn (kwinguqulelo "AKA" kuthetha ukuthi "ulwandle").
Kodwa ukuzibamba kukaChukchi kwakungaviwanga. Ivakala njenge-nevel, kwaye "abantu bokwenyani" baguqulela. Oko kukuthi, ookhokho be-Chukchi babonisa ukuba bangabanini bokwenene, "abantu" bemihlaba yabo.
Iimpawu zoLwimi
Inkcubeko yaba bantu ibhekisa kuhlobo oluxubeneyo, ebizwa ngokuba yiAsia-American. Inani leentsontelo kunye nenkolelo iqinisekisa amakhonkco ahambelana kunye nokufana kwezithethe zeChukchi kunye namaIndiya eMntla Merika. Ngendlela, uhlobo lwe-vintage yohlobo lwenja yezizwe zolwandle zezizwe zohlobo lwaseMelika luyilo lwayo.
Kodwa kwisicwangciso solwimi sikaChukchi sinxulumene ne-IEEELGS, Koryakov kunye ne-Eskimos. Ulwimi lwe-Chukchi yenye ye-Narachi Kamchatka ye-Namchatka ye-Namchatka, yeqela lePaleoisian. Ngaphambi kokuba imbonakalo yamaRussia e-Chukotka, i-chukchi ikhumbuza inani leentsomi kunye neentsomi, kodwa zimbalwa eziqinisekisiweyo zigcinwe.
Isizathu soku kukungabikho kokubhala. Okubangela umdla kukuba, kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane edluleyo, umalutho weChukotKa, uKhaneville wakwazi ukwenza imbono yenguqulo yentsusa.
Iintlobo ngeentlobo zolwimi olubhaliweyo, ngelishwa, azizange zifumane ububanzi, kodwa namhlanje zisetyenziswa namhlanje. Uninzi lwe-chukchi lukhetha ukusebenzisa oonobumba be-cyrillic ukuze babhale.
Iiklasi zeChukchi
Kungekudala ngaphambi kokuvela kwe-chukchsi yaseRussia, bakwazile ukufundisa umjelo we-reindeer, owawusele ongumthombo worhwebo. Kodwa uyabuza: Bahlala njani abantu bamantshontsho odumileyo abadumileyo ngaphambili? Yonke into ilula- ixesha elide, ukuhlala kwabantu bemveli abantu eChukotka yayiyindawo yokuzingela. Icacile kakhulu yile yokuloba kwi-chukchi. Baphila ngenkcitho yerhamncwa laselwandle: amatywina, nerve, i-walrles kunye neminenga.
Imisebenzi enjalo ifuna uqeqesho olunzulu kunye nemikhosi ebonakalayo yomzimba. Ukongeza, i-Chukchi yayineendlela ezikhethekileyo zokuzingela. Umzekelo, kumatywina, abantu bahlasela elunxwemeni xa amarhamncwa aphumla elangeni. Ukuxelisa intshukumo yerhamncwa, uChikchi ngokwakhe wazinikela kumatywina, emva koko wahlasela isilwanyana esikhethiweyo.
Indawo yokuhlala yendabuko
Nanamhlanje, ubomi bukaChukchi bugcina inani leempawu zeevintage. Ukusuka kwinkulungwane ye-Xix, izizwe zabemi beReindieer zihlala kwiigethi ezingama-2-3. Babengabahlali be-nomadic ababezakutshintsha amaxesha ngamaxesha ukutshintsha iindawo eziphelelwe ngamaxhakazi.
Ukuphinda-phinda kwendabuko yeChukchi, eyakhelwe kweli xesha lethu, yi-Yaranga. Le yintente enkulu yendlela engaqhelekanga ye-polygonaal. Indlu enjalo ithotyelwe zizikhumba zexhama, ezixhonywe ngamatye, zikhusela abemi bezindlu zasemoyeni. Ngaphakathi kwintente, embindini, kukho umlilo. Le ndawo ingcwele, kwaye uChukchi ngokwabo uthelekisa ikhaya labo kwindalo, ngenxa yendlela kwaye ehamba ngalo emva kokulandela ukuhamba kwelanga esibhakabhakeni.
Iholide kunye nenkolo chukchi
Inkcubeko ye-Chukchi ibonakaliswa kakhulu ngexesha leholide kunye nezithethe zonqulo. Imibhiyozo ephambili yayithathwa njengeminyhadala yexesha elithile enxulumene nokufakwa kwezindlu, incasa yexhama, umvuzo weVialhenkasha.
Imibingelelo yomlilo idlala indima ekhethekileyo. Kwindlela ebandayo ebandayo, abantu bakuxabisa ngakumbi ubushushu, obunika idangatye, kwaye ke umlilo ubonakala kwiintsomi njengomoya onamandla onke.
Iipateni zemveli ezisetyenziselwa ukunxiba iimpahla, izihlangu, i-quayinge, ngokwezinzululwazi, zinemvelaphi ye-Eskimo. Iinkolelo zantlandlolo zigcinwe unanamhla zisiko lomoya. UChukchi unqula imikhosi yendalo, angenise izinto, uzukise izilwanyana ezingcwele (umzekelo, crow kunye nebhere).
Iintsapho ezininzi zabemi banamhlanje ze-chukotka zinesigcini esigciniweyo samandulo - amatye awodwa omlilo otshabalalisayo, omele ukuba abe nomntu wonke. Babesetyenziswa ngexesha lesiko elinxulunyaniswa nonqulo lomlilo kunye nokuzisa amaxhoba kwilangatye elingcwele elinika ubushushu, kwaye ke ngoko ubomi. Inani lezizwe ezazisebenzisa iShift "Isini esiyisini" xa indoda yayiphethe impahla yabasetyhini kwaye iphumeze imisebenzi ye-femine kumsebenzi wasekhaya - kunye ne-vice.
I-Chukchi ngabantu abakhethekileyo abakhethekileyo, abakufundisisa iinkolelo, inkcubeko nezithethe zooyihlo kunye nezizwe ezingabamelwane. Abahambi abatyelele isithili se-chukotka okanye e Kamchatka, qaphela ukuba ezi ndawo zivula umbala okhethekileyo, ogcina inkolo yamandulo nolwazi olufihlakeleyo ngabantu basekhaya.
Kwisivalo: Vladila Kavri, i-Arctic Tundra kufutshane neWelkal, Chukotka, Russia, 2012 / jimmy Nelson / Jimmynelson.com