Ilizwe elilindelwe ixesha elide, ukumkani waseHungary nePoland Vladislav III kunye ne-DISTOT ye-Serbia Goorgy bangqengqeleka kwi-Sultan Murad Murad Murad Muran. Ukutshintshiselana ngeziqinisekiso ezibhaliweyo okubhaliweyo kwenzeka kwii-ambassaders. I-paratorium yeminyaka elishumi kumlo phakathi kwe-OSMA kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba baseYurophu yempikiswano babhengeziwe.
Nangona kunjalo, utata waseRoma, sele ekuqalekeni kwale thetha-nye, wayechasene nehlabathi. Umgaqo-nkqubo wakudala weRomacc Prome ichaphazela isixhobo sehlabathi ngezandla zeCleusadiers kwaye apha zifumene ubume bakhe ebusweni bukaJuliano Celiano, owayesakuba ngumlinganiso wenkosi. Nangona kunjalo, hayi ngeli xesha, - Vladislav III, ngaphandle kolutsha, wayenesizathu esaneleyo sokuma kwimpumelelo ephunyelweyo. Ngelishwa, iiBalkan, ingqondo yayinganeli ixesha elide ...
I-perjury
I-murad II ilahleko kwi-Asia encinci ukuze igqibe ukoyisa kwakhe. Kwakukho i-caible enye engafunekiyo yeCaracanides kwaye yawa phantsi kwengqokelela yamajoni ase-Ottoman ehamba nge-sultan. Emva koko, uSultan wagqiba kwelokuba uthumo lwakhe lwagqitywa kulawulo lwasemhlabeni, kwaye wayenokwenza ukuba azibandakanye ezenzo zokomoya, awazisasaze aze afundisise i-quran. Ngo-1444, azirhatya itrone eyakha inkoliseko yonyana wakhe, owayeneminyaka eli-12 ubudala ngelo xesha kwaye wasuswa eMana.
Ukuva malunga nayo, i-Cardinal Juliano Cesarini kwakhona iqala ukwehla inkosi ye-Vladislav III ukuqhubeka ne-vladislav kwaye ithembisa imvume echibini i-Pope Roman. Indlela abalindi bekhadinali bacula ngayo kwiNtsundu edumileyo ye-USSR "I-Musketerers ezintathu":
"KuLowo ubhinqilayo kwikhadinali, ukucanda kwiParadesi kuyalelwe kwangaphambili."UKing uKing Vladislav III ubakhathalele abantu, kodwa iDerbia Lanks Georgy Brankovich, engavumi ukuba nobuKatolika, kwaye bangaya kwisifungo. Ikhadinali iya kufumana i-Pope "imvume evela kwisifungo" yokumkani, kunye nomkhosi omncinci wasePapal naseTeutal Knights, othathela ingqalelo ukuba ityala lithembekile kwaye eli phulo liya kuzisa inzuzo.
Kwicala lekhadinali yayiyi-janod janos hunyadi, abanqwenela uloyiso olutsha baza bazibona ngokwakhe iMbetha yazo zonke iMpuma Yuronus kwi-Ottoman Iga. Kwaye ngonyaka we-1444, ukwaphula imvumelwano yoXolo, abantu abatyholwa baphinda bafudula. Kwabonakala ngathi ithamsanqa lokuhamba nabo. Kwi-Thene Ottomans, nakwesiseko somfana-Mehmed II, onke amakhosi e-Ottoman agxile e-Anatolia, iPapal kunye ne-VPAL kunye ne-venetian kunye ne-chaltian umkhosi wamanzi, kwaye banephulo elide. Injongo yeCrksi yayiliphulo elikhawulezayo neloyisiko kwikomkhulu le-Sultanate - Edirne. Nangona kunjalo, yonke into engahambanga ngokwesicwangciso.
Impendulo yeMURAD II
Eyokuqala "I-NEZHHANCK" yabhabha kwi-nkosi yendawo yokumkani kunye neendaba zeMurad II yayinomsindo kwi-joke kwaye yagqiba kwelokuba 'ibuze malunga nezithembiso "ngenxa yophulo lwezithembiso" ngenxa yophulo lwezithembiso "ngenxa yophulo lwezithembiso" ngenxa yophulo lwezithembiso "ngenxa yophulo lwezithembiso" ngenxa yophulo lwezithembiso "ngenxa yophulo lwezithembiso" ngenxa yophulo lwezithembiso "ngenxa yophulo lwezithembiso" ngenxa yophulo lwezithembiso "ngenxa yophulo lwezithembiso" ngenxa yophulo lwezithembiso "ngenxa yophulo lwezithembiso" ngenxa yophulo lwezithembiso "ngenxa yophulo lwezi zithembiso. Uthathe amandla kwi-saltanate ezandleni zakhe kwaye uza kuthi entloko iphulo lokuchasene neqela, ngeli xesha. I-vladislav III, okanye i-dilesi ye-chaliano cezarini yayingalindelanga ithuba elinjalo.
Okwesibini ukumangalisa kukudluliselwa komkhosi wase-Ottoman eRumelia elwandle, kwigalari, enikezwe iMuradi I, enesicelo sakhe, - abakhuphisana nabo. Kuyabonakala ukuba umnqweno 'wempompo "abakhuphisana nabo basusiwe kubo nayiphi na imigaqo yokuziphatha. I-Papal kunye neVenetian Fleet Christian ayinakwenza nto, kuba Kunye ne-Dardlanella kunye neBossirsus zilawulwa i-Ottoman Coast Artillery.
Umkhosi wamasebe ahamba kancinci, iinqaba ebezihlanganisana ngendlela azikhayo ukuya kwi-capite kunye nokubetha ngokufanelekileyo. Ukumkani kwafuneka athabathe isaqhwithi, okanye adlule. Kwaye nangona amagosa omkhosi aseBulgaria kunye namagosa omkhosi eVahlela bajoyina i-crusaders kwindlela eya eClessaders, inani lingaphezu kwamawaka ali-7, ihlaselo lalihamba kancinci kunokuba licwangcisiwe. Abazange bafike e-Edirna, emikhosi emibini yadibana phantsi kwe-boa.
Kwaye ngokwenani le-OSMA, ngaphezulu komchasi wabo. Inani leenkampani liqikelelwa ukusuka kwi-16 ukuya kwi-24 lamawaka kwaye bonke babe "bakuphela" kuphela ziingalodwa kunye namaqela abo, kunye "namajoni anethamsanqa" baya kule crussade. Umkhosi waseMurad uqwalaselwe, ngamazwi amalahle, makhulu, ngaphezulu kwama-100 amawaka. Nangona oku kuncinci okuncinci kunye nezibakala, kuthathelwa ingqalelo into yokuba bafika elwandle kwaye babengenalo ixesha elininzi lemali. Ngokutsho kombhali-mbali d. Engel bekukho amawaka angama-40 okanye ingeyiyo enye.
"Kavalerings, inkulungwane ayilonto ininzi" okanye yintoni ebangela iqhawe
Imbono yomkhosi osondeleyo wee-OTTAMS, ngokwengxelo yamagosa ezobukumkani, ayikwazanga ukukhuthaza ukuxinana. Owokuqala wobunzima bemeko yayixatyisiwe yikhadinarini. Umlo wawumele wenzeka kunxweme lwechibi elinamanzi, ukusuka emantla e-IT. Indawo leyo yayiwele i-hilly ye-ted ekwanti phakathi kweentlobo zeentlambo, ezathi zancitshiswa emantla.Ucebise isicwangciso esinengqondo, - ukuseta i-wagon kwisikwere esivaliweyo kunye nokulwa ngenxa yendawo yokuhlala, elinde ukufika kwendawo yamaKristu emva okanye ukuntywila, okanye ukumelana notshaba. I-wagon okanye njengoko ibibizwa ngokuba nguSagittarius kunye ne-cossacks kamva, - isixeko esihamba-hamba. Iyakwazi eYurophu, kwiminyaka ephakathi kade, indlela yokuqhuba idabi kunye nomchasi welinye iqela. Ukumkani ngokwakhe kunye nabantu abaninzi abanamava avela kwimikhosi kwaphela kwavunywa, kodwa apha igama lathatha i-janos hunyyadi.
Ngubani okanye owatsiba emva kolwimi lomphathi onetalente akacacanga. Nangona yena ngokwakhe wayesaziwa ngokuba nobuchule bokulwa kwedabi lokukhusela, kunye nemikhosi yootshaba, intetho yakhe yayiyinto entle nebribal. UHunyadi wanyanzelisa ukuba ezi zenzo azifanelanga umkhosi ozayo ungene uloyiso. Ke unokwenza kuphela ukuba umkhosi woyisiwe kwaye le yindawo yokugqibela yendawo yokugqibela.
Emva kwexesha, ukuzithethelela ileta phambi kopopu, uyavuma kwimpazamo ebulalayo, ebonisa ukuba "inqanaba elithile lenkalipho ebamba iintliziyo zethu." Kusekho ukwenza "ukulungiswa" - hayi "iintliziyo zethu", kodwa "intliziyo yakhe", ibe sele wosulele wonke umntu ngenzondelelo yakhe engenampilo.
Umlo wokugqibela weKing Vladislav
Ngenxa yoko, umkhosi wawukhuphela i-oda yokulwa ngokuchaseneyo, wagon kunye neenqwelo zamaKristu zazikhona ngasemva kwesemicircle. Umthathi-nxaxheba waseAndreas Pallasitas, owachaza yonke into eyenzekileyo, waxelela ukuba yayikukuvuselela amajoni ukuba alwe, angafihli. Umphathi wemikhosi yomibini ihleli kwiziko lemikhosi yabo.
I-Murad, - ijikelezwe ngu-Janichar, ngasemva kwemingxunya kunye ne-shaft yomhlaba, umnyango kunye nokufikelela ekubheja kugcinwe ngokungqongqo. Ukongeza, iinkamela zazikho apho, malunga neentloko ezingama-500, zilayishwe ngezicubu ezahlukeneyo ezibizayo, amaxabiso kunye negolide, emi apho utshaba luye ezantsi kwibheja. Kule meko, kwakuyimfuneko ukuvula iingxowa kwaye usasaze okuhle ukuphelisa utshaba luphanga.
Ngaphandle kokubonakala ngathi akukho nto ingekho ngqiqweni, i-KingfYICE yeHalkokondil, i-Kallima naseDulgosh, (e-Byzantic, i-Italian kunye nePole) ichaze iinkamela. Ecaleni kwendlu ye-Sultan kuya kukhutshwa inkwanga, endaweni yesibhengezo kuya kubakho isivumelwano esaphulwe. Phambi komlo, uya kuthwalwa phambi komkhosi, abungqinele ubumenemene bobuqhophololo.
I-Vladislav III, ijikelezwe ngumkhosi we-kightly ovela kwisithandwa se-thertheart, phantsi kwesibhengezo se-crusade (phantsi kwendawo emhlophe) kunye namanyathelo eRoyal ke kuya kumela embindini wemikhosi yakhe. Kwaye idabi elishushu liya kuqala.
Idabi lahamba iintsuku ezimbini, ngekhefu lokuphumla ebusuku. Ngokuhlwa komhla wokuqala wedabi, uKumkani Vladislav uza kwenza esona senzo sobomi bakhe obufutshane, esiya kuthi ekugqibeleni simtshabalalise size sikholose uloyiso lwabantu abatyholwa. Ke musani ukukholelwa emva kwempama yesifungo!
Ke, imini yonke eli icala lalwa nempumelelo eyahlukeneyo, benzakala kakhulu, kubandakanya iHunyadi. Nangona kunjalo, i-voivode ikhokelele idabi liphela, ihamba ukusuka kwiflethi ukuya kwiflethi kunye nokulawulwa kwezixhobo zolondolozo. I-Crusaders zenzelwe indawo yokuhlala yeenqwelwana, emva koko yakhantelwa, ngokungaguqukiyo ibambe isikhundla.
U-Sultan Murad wayengumlo onamava nonobulumko, wazisa amandla asisiseko yeYankchar kunye ne-Azusi Azov eyayinamava emfazwe kunye nabaseYurophu xa sele idiniwe kakhulu. AbaseYurophu kwinkcazo ye-Pallatio yayinombono wokuba i-Ottomans ayichaphazeleki edabini. Nangona kunjalo, kwanale Nkuma ayizange ikhokelele ekuqhekekeni emfazweni, omabini amacala aphethe ilahleko ayinakukwazi ukwahlula ukunganyangeki.
Ngeli xesha, "udutyulwe" ngekratshi likaKumkani Vladislav III, umbhali-mbali wase-Byzantin kwi-Howyadi uyakholelwa ukuba "ukhuthaze" i-retinue quyage nokuqinisekisa ukuba ngukumkani ngokobuqu ukuba akwazi ukujongana nesultan. Nokuba yintoni, yayinjalo, kodwa inkosi incinci (iminyaka eli-19 ubudala), ihashe likhutshiwe laza laya kwibhegi likaSultan, kwaye malunga nesiqingatha se-Knights sakhawuleza. Njengombhali we-ottoman ubhala, uNeshry King wakhwaza:
"Ndifuna ukuthetha nawe, murad! IMHLAZIYIYO EKUMTHANDA KAKUHLE! ".Nangona kunjalo, ukubonakala kwe-hilos Obruch, owabulala inkosi ye-Sultan Murad kwi-Kosovo Field, i-vladislav yayingagqitywanga ukuba iphinde. Inkonzo yezokhuseleko yeyakhe "ye-Sultan ngeli xesha zisebenze ngokungagungqiyo. IYANYCHARS iqhume, ilahlekile umkhweli kwaye ivaliwe kabukhali, ukubulala ihashe lakhe. I-vladislav ukarem yawa emhlabeni.
Wakwazi ukukhwaza: "USultun Murad! Mr ... ". UKaraji Hyzir wawukhathaza ukukhala kwakhe, uthambile ngokukhawuleza, wambetha, wambetha kwaoko intloko yakhe esingxoweni, wambuyisela kwi-sultun. Bonke abo bakhwela abakhweli baya kulandela inkosi yabo. Nangona kunjalo, phantse akukho mntu ubona oku kufa nobusuku babantu abaza kuchitha enkampini ngokuzithemba ukuba ukumkani uyaphila.
Ekuseni, intloko-yenkosi-ebanjelwe kumkhonto, oboniswe phambi kwendawo yabo yamaKristu anemfazwe ye-Ottoman, esusa ubukhosi bomkhosi wamagxa. Emva kwenzame engaphumelelanga ukugxotha umzimba weKing Hunyadi, umkhosi uya kudlula ezintabeni kwaye uya kuba nakho ukufika kwiHungary ngeentsuku ezimbini. Nangona kunjalo, kuthatha ukuza kuthi ga kubo bonke, abaqulunqi abaninzi kakhulu baya kuwa phantsi kwe-Varna phantsi kwe-satago lase-satagans phantsi kotshaba, kwimigxobhozo, ihlazo kunye neentaba.
Isiphumo soMlo
Intloko yenkosi yaseKumkani iKeng, isifungo sobuso iya kubanjiswa, nakwisitya seglasi, iya kuba yibhasa. Ke, ngamazwi kaSerb, owayekhona ngelo xesha e-Ottoman, iMurad iya kumnika njengesipho kwiCaulifa eCairo.
Kumele kutshiwo ukuba isiphelo sekhadinali uJuliano Culiano Cesiani, ophembelela i-vladislava ukuba aphule isifungo, wayebuhlungu kakhulu. Wazama, ukuthunga ngegolide, ekupheleni komhla wokuqala wedabi, ukuthula "ngokungxama, njengoko kunjalo "Ifunyenwe kwimingxunya emdaka emngxunyanga kwaye yanxunguphele '
Okulusizi lwayiphela le chosade, -Ukubangelwa kopopu kunye neVenices kwakhokelela kwisiphithiphithi ePoland, owaphulukana nokumkani, wakugxeka ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-Byzantium. Kungekudala, eSerbia, i-Valaria, iBulgaria kunye neAlbania ziya kuphinda ziguqulwe kwakhona. Zonke iiBalkan ziya kuba ngamandla ee-ottom kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi.
Uncwadi kunye nemithombo
- N. Zhigalova "iMfazwe eVarna 1444 kunye neziphumo zalo zembali" (ngokusekwe kwizixhobo zePoshishin neMithombo yeSerbia).
- I-Mehry Neshry "igcinwe ukukhanya: Imbali ye-ottoman ivutha."