Ubemdla ixesha elingakanani umntu onokubakho ebomini ebomini kwi-Mars? Ukususela esiphelweni se-Xix, xa i-telescopes ye-Astronomer yaqala yabona imigca ethe tye efana nemijelo kwiplanethi yayo ebomvu. Kwimvelaphi yendalo yezi jeli kwihlabathi lenzululwazi ayikho umntu wonke. Uninzi lwabameli besayensi, phakathi kuka-Asstronomer olwahlukileyo, ngempazamo, kukholelwa ukuba i-Mars yancitshiswa ziinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela ezakhiwa zizidalwa ezifanelekileyo. ULowell wakhuthaza izimvo zakhe kwaye wosulelekile ngenani elikhulu labantu.
Iingcinga zokuba zizinto ezifanelekileyo zinokuphila kwi-Mars, zithimba ukucinga okunzima kwihlabathi liphela. Imveliso yengcinga enjalo yayi:
- amabali amnandi, kuba ngoku ababhali banesicwangciso esitsha;
-Izama ukungena kwiingxoxo kunye noMarties. Ukunxibelelana, abantu baphuhlise zonke iinkqubo, umzekelo, iialamu zokukhanya ezivela kwizibuko ezinkulu, zibonelela ngeemilo zejometri zejodia (abantu ababekholelwa ukuba amasimi egolide eMsilian aya kuqaphela kakuhle kwizixhobo zawo zangaphambili);
- Kwabonakala ngakumbi ukukhohlisa ngakumbi. Ngoku iiteleskopu kumphezulu weplanethi ebomvu "yabona" kungekuphela nje "izicwangciso zonkcenkceshelo", kodwa ziphantse zaphantse zaba nguMartian izindlu nakwizixeko zonke.
Kuphela kwinkulungwane yama-20, xa izazinzulu zaqala ukuthumela izixhobo kwiplanethi ebomvu, iingcali ekugqibeleni ziyaqonda ukuba "iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela", nto leyo eyathetha ngayo. Kodwa isaye sahlala sivula omnye umbuzo, umbuzo obaluleke ngakumbi: Ngaba bukhona ubomi kwiplanethi ebomvu, okanye ngaba akhona kwaphela?
Kwinkulungwane ye-XXI - ukuza kuthi ga ngoku eyona ndawo ifundwayo yenkqubo yelanga (umhlaba ekubaleni ithatha). Izazinzulu zithumele iirobhothi ezininzi kuye kunaye nawuphi na omnye umzimba. Iplanethi ebomvu iseyinto ephambili ekukhangeleni kobomi. Kutheni kunjalo? Okokuqala, kuba eli lilizwe elisondeleyo kuthi, elikwixesha elidlulileyo elinemicimbi edlulileyo. Okwesibini, kulula ukuyifunda kwimbono yobugcisa yokujonga kunokuba, yitsho iVenus enye apho kushushu kakhulu.
Yintoni i-mars ngoku?
I-Mars lilizwe eliyi-Shit. Iqondo lobuchule eliphakathi apho -63 ° C, nangona ehlotyeni ngomhla wosuku olunokufika + 30 ° C. Imozulu yePlanethi ebomvu yi-Sparne, uxinano lwayo kuphela yi-0.7% kuphela ye-Word yomhlaba, nge-95.3% iquka ikharbon diokbon diokbon diokside. Imozulu ye-Martian ayinakukwazi ukubamba ubushushu ixesha elide. Ukongeza, iplanethi yemagazini ebuthathaka, engazinzanga, ke umphezulu weMars phantse ungazikhuseli ngaphambi kwemitha yelanga.
Ngenxa yoxinzelelo oluphantsi lwe-thamospheric, yi-1/170 evela emhlabeni, kwaye amaqondo obushushu asezantsi amanzi kumphezulu weplanethi ayinakuba kwifomu engamanzi. Xa i-Stursian Martian Ice icer iphezu kwayo, ngenxa yoxinzelelo olusezantsi, ikhutshiwe, ingena kwindawo yaseburhulumenteni, idlula imeko yolwelo.
Ngamanye amagama, indlela yobomi eproteyini efunekayo amanzi otyhafileyo akanakulindeleka ukuba abekhona ngoqinile uMartian.
Yeyiphi i-mars ngaphambili?
I-Mars yayingasoloko iyindawo "engenabuhlobo". Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba kwinqanaba elidlulileyo, iplanethi ebomvu inesiseko esinyibilikisiweyo, esijikelezileyo, senza intsimi eyomeleleyo. Lo mmandla ukhusela umphezulu kwimitha, enkosi, umoya weplanethi yayimnyama, ngenxa yokuba i-SORS yemozulu yayimanzi kwaye ifudumele, imvula ihamba phezu komhlaba.Ukulandelwa kwamanzi angaphezulu kuqukuqela iingcali kufumana iMars rhoqo. I-Orbital I-Orbital kunye neRover ifotwe iibhedi zomlambo ezomileyo, iibhloko zemilambo, iicanyons ezinamawaka emigca emnyama, i-santiysides enamacala eentlambo ezinamatye.
Ngaba kukho ubomi kwi-Mars-umbuzo osele ufumene impendulo?Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba i-mars ilahlekelwe 'buhle "bayo" ubuhle "kwibhiliyoni ezi-3 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Ke umsitho othile wenzeka kwiplanethi ebomvu, ngenxa yokuba i-magnetic fihla ilahlekile, uninzi lwemozulu lwathatyathwa lilanga, amanzi athatyathwe kwaye ummelwane womhlaba owomileyo wajika wafumana namhlanje .
Ngaba wayekho ngaphambi kweMars?
"ILebhu yekhemikhali kumavili" - umdla-ongumsebenzi wam kwiMars, ndathatha izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Umzekelo, i-rover ifumanise iidipozithi zodongwe kumathambeka asentabeni, apho zifunyenwe khona izinto ezisebenza khona. Iimvavanyo zovavanyo zabonisa ukuba indawo ehlolwe yirobhothi yayizele ngamanzi amaninzi, kwaye mhlawumbi izinto eziphilayo zichuma apho. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze sithethe ngokuqinisekileyo, nokuba ubomi babukhona, izazinzulu kufuneka zifumane ubungqina ngokuthe ngqo.
Mhlawumbi ingongoma kule mbandela iya kubeka unyamezelo olulutsha lwaseMarshod, nge-18 kaFebruwari, yafika kwiplanethi ebomvu. Irobhothi ye-robhothi ye-crater e-crater Ezero - i-martian ye-martian lomisiweyo yokukhangela apha ukubala i-microbial ubomi, ethi, njengoko izazinzulu zicinga, zinokutshitshiswa kwiifosili ze-microscopic.
Inqaku lesihloko: Njengomxholo omtsha rover uza kukhangela ubomi kwiplanethi ebomvu
Okanye mhlawumbi ubomi phaya kwaye ngoku uyachuma?
Ukuba kwi-Mars kwaye kukho ubomi bentsholongwane, ke, kunokwenzeka, ifihle phantsi kweplasti yeplanethi ye-ice, kumachibi athambileyo afumana i-Arhente ye-Arhente yaseYurophu (e-ESA) I-Mars Express. I-microorganisms ihambile ihambile ukuya kwiimeko zentshabalalo kumphezulu weplanethi.Iikhamera zithetha, kunjalo, azinakuthatha imifanekiso yeentsholongwane kwaye zifana nezinto eziphilayo nge-orbbits. Ke ngoko, izazinzulu zikhangela ubomi bentsholongwane "ubungqina obungathathi ntweni", ngoncedo lwe-bisicleres-umkhondo wenkqubo yemichiza yomzimba.
Enye yezi bhayoloji yi-thethane. Iingcali zeendlela ezimbini ezaziwa ngeendlela ezimbini zokuvelisa le gesi: ibhafini yebhayoloji nezezimgangatho. Emhlabeni, umthombo webhayiloji yale gesi ikakhulu i-methanogesic archanogesic avele evelise i-methane kumathuna omntu, kwizisu zeenkomo, kwi-thellastain. Ikwabonakala nendlela yejografi: phantsi kweemeko zobushushu kunye noxinzelelo, umzekelo, ngexesha lokuqhushumba kwentaba-mlilo.
Ngo-2019, umdla onomdla ufumene uxinzelelo olukhulu lwe-methane molekyum e-Marthania. Nangona kunjalo, i-Europes-Russian-Russian-Russian-Russian-Russian-Russian stoce igesi, eyalinganiswa phantse i-phantse ngexesha elinye nelo rhatyaphithi, ayifumananga iRover, ayifumananga imikhondo yale michiza. Ngayiphi na imeko, ukuba iMethane ikwi-Mars, mhlawumbi ivelisa into ephilayo, kuba kwiplanethi ebomvu ngalo mzuzu, izazinzulu azikhange zivele, kwaye ke le gesi ayinakuthelekiswa nako kwixesha elithile iinkqubo zendalo.
Ngaba abantu banokuzisa ubomi kwiMars?
Ngokuqinisekileyo. Umzekelo, ezinye iintsholongwane zomhlaba zinokufika kwiplanethi ebomvu kunye ne-marshodes. Ngaphambi kokuba i-Mars, iSpacecraft ifumana iinyanga ezininzi, kukho imicroorganisms enokuthi iphile ngokulula kuhambo olunjalo. Uphononongo lwakutshanje lubonise ukuba i-algae eluhlaza eluhlaza, okanye i-cyanobacteria iyakwazi ukusinda kwiimeko zikaMartian.
Ii-coloniststs ziya kuba sisisongelo esikhulu "sosulelo lweeMars". Ukuba kukho intsholongwane enononophelo phambi kokuthumela, emva koko ngomzimba womntu, ochithwa yintsholongwane, jika ube nzima kakhulu. Phambi kwekholoni yeMars, kuya kufuneka uphume nabanye ngeendlela 'zokubulala iintsholongwane.
Ukuba nangona kunjalo, i-rover okanye umntu uya kuzisa i-microorposisms yomzimba kunye neplanethi ebomvu, kukho incinci, amathuba okuba iindwendwe ezincinci zinokungenelela kwinkqubo ye-Arsystem kwaye ayonakalise.
Okanye, mhlawumbi ubomi emhlabeni buvela eMars?
Izazinzulu azikwazi nje ukuba ubomi bavelaphi umhlaba. I-hypothesis ye-Panspermia iphakamisa ukuba inokuvela kwinxalenye ethile yendalo iphela, kwaye emva koko yeza, ama-meteorites, ii-asteroids zaziswa kwiplanethi yethu.
Ukuba ubomi baqala kwiMars, unokufika emhlabeni ngoncedo lwe-microorganisms ephuculweyo kuhlobo lweMartian. Olu hlobo lokuzalwa lungaphuma kumphezulu we-Mars ngenxa yokuwa komzimba omkhulu, emva koko omnye uvuthuza kwinto enkulu iphosa le ndawo, emva koko intsimi yehlabathi iya kutsala le planethi , kwaye ngokuhamba kwexesha iya kuwa phezu komhlaba. Yintoni amathuba okomsitho onjalo? Zigwebe ngokwakho.
Ngo-1996, izazinzulu ezifundisisa i-Martian Meterite Alh 84001, eyathi yawela emhlabeni, yafumanisa i-microscopic microscopic ekhutshiweyo kuyo, ifana kakhulu neBacteria esekwe emhlabeni. Nangona kunjalo, ukuvuma ukuba kukho "iindwendwe ezivela kwiMars" kwiMeteorite, abaphandi abakwazi. Izimvo zahlukane. Ezinye iiNgoma ziqinisa ukuba izinto eziphilayo zawa kwisiqwengana se "indawo" emva kokuwa kwakhe kwiplanethi yethu, ke ayinakwenzeka, abanye, batsho ukuba i-alsh I-84001 kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo njengobungqina bobomi bokuzingisa. Ngendlela, eyokuqala yayingeyonto enkulu, kamva kamva, yayiluvo lwabo lwamkelwe luluntu lwezenzululwazi lwabantu.
Nangona kunjalo, ukufunyanwa kwenzululwazi kuya kuxhamla kwisayensi: yayikujolisa esidlangalaleni eMars kwaye batsala inani elikhulu lotyalo-mali kwiinkqubo zophando ezibomvu, eziphumelele neziphumo.
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