2020 Ngaba uyakukhumbula umhlaba awungonyaka ophule zonke iirekhodi zengqondo ezinokuqikelelwa kwaye zingenalo kwimbali yoluntu, kodwa enamasub e-Eniona ", ekhoyo kwimilinganiselo emibini kwi xeshanye. Ngokubanzi, ukuthetha nge-versics, kuya kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kude kutsha nje kukho iindidi ezimbini kuphela okanye izikumkani - iziko kunye nezinto ezibekekileyo. Ikhrayitheriya yokwahlulahlula amasuntswana okukhanya kwiinkampu ezimbini yixabiso le-PAT, inombolo ye-Quam, ephawula umzuzu wayo we-pursecle. Ngamanye amagama, ukuba i-spin yathatyathwa ngokwahlukeneyo amasuntswana agqitywa ngenani elipheleleyo - phambi kwakho boson, kwaye ukuba umntu onesiqingatha sobukhwele uyanikelwa. Kulo nyaka, abaphandi bafumanisa imiqondiso yokuqala yobukho bobukumkani besithathu bamasuntswana-nyulu, indlela kabani engafani nokuziphatha kwe-boSons okanye ezinde. Sixela ukuba yintoni i-enjas kwaye kutheni ifunyenwe ibaluleke kakhulu kwimibandela yanamhlanje.
Yintoni "i-eniona"?
Isuntswana ngalinye lokugqibela kwindalo ivela kwi-cosmic rays ukuya kwi-tersiks-nokuba i-fermion okanye i-bosson. La macandelo ahlulahlula iibhloko zendalo kwindalo emibini eyahlukileyo. Kwixesha elidlulileyo 2020, abaphandi bafumanisa imiqondiso yokuqala yobukho bobukumkani besithathu bamasuntswana - i-Ennionas. Okubangela umdla kukuba, iintlondi aziziphathi njengeziseko, nezilongo; Endaweni yoko, indlela yokuziphatha yabo kwenye indawo phakathi.
Kwinqaku, epapashwe ngehlobo lama-2020, kwiNzululwazi yejenali, i-physichists yafumanisa ubungqina bokuvavanywa bokuqala ukuba la masuntswana angahambelani nakweyiphi na i-phydists eyaziwayo yezikumkani. "Sasidla ngokwaphesheya kunye nezinto ezibekekileyo, kwaye ngoku sinobukumkani besithathu kumasuntswana esisiseko," utshilo uFrank Wildchk, i-Nobel Pause Parner kwi-Massachusetts iZiko loDliwano-ndlebe nemagazini ye-quata.
Ukususela kwimithetho ye-Quatum yendlela, echaza indlela yokuziphatha kwamasuntswana okuphambili, yahluke kakhulu kwimithetho eyaziwayo yefiziks ye-classical, bayabaqonda ubunzima. Ukwenza oku, abaphandi banikezela ukuba bacinge ... umzobo welour. Konke kuba xa ihlathi zilukiwe, omnye wabo "usongelwe" ajikeleze enye, etshintsha isixa semali.
Kwanamanqaku anomdla ngakumbi kwimithetho ye-Quatum ye-Quatum kunye nokufunyanwa kwakutshanje kwintsimi yefiziksi, efundwe kwijelo lethu eYandex.dzen. Kukho amanqaku apapashiweyo rhoqo angekho kwisayithi.
Ke khawufane ucinge ukuba amasuntswana amabini anganyanisekanga afana ne-elektroni. Thatha enye, emva koko usonge ujikeleze enye ukuze ibuyele apho ndayiqala khona indlela yam. Ekuqaleni nje kubonakala ngathi akukho nto itshintshileyo. Kwaye ngokwenene, kulwimi lwezibalo lwendlela yexabiso, imisebenzi emibini yokwabhaza ichaza amagama okuqala kunye nokugqibela kufuneka ilingane okanye ukuphambuka kwiyunithi enye. (Ngoomatshini be-QUMUM, ubala amathuba owuqaphela, utya umsebenzi wamaza kwisikwere, ukuze oku kuvunyiwe - 1 kuyahlanjwa).
Ukuba imisebenzi yamaza ye-patricle iyafana, emva koko ngaphambi kwe-bosons. Kwaye ukuba bayaliwe ngo-1 ondedwa, emva koko ujonga izinto ezinde. Kwaye nangona isigqibo esifunyenwe kwithuba lesifundo esitsha sinokubonakala sizilolonga ngokupheleleyo ngokwengqondo, sineziphumo ezibi kwimicimbi yanamhlanje.
Izikumkani ezintathu zamasuntswana
Abaphandi baqaphele ukuba izinto ezizezopha zingamalungu anqabileyo kwihlabathi lamasuntswana, kuba bengaze bahlale kwimeko efanayo yexabiso. Ngenxa yoku, ii-elektroni ezizezodidi lwe-fermion liwela kwiigobololli ezahlukeneyo zeatom ngokwayo. Yeyona phenomeno elula kukho isithuba sendawo kwi-atom - iindlela ezahlukeneyo zexesha kunye nayo yonke i-Chemistry.
Funda kwakhona: Izazinzulu zaya ngqo ekuqondeni ukuba kutheni kukho indalo
Izibonda, kwelinye icala, zingamasuntswana ezintsundu ezinamandla obonwabileyo zokudibanisa kwaye zahlukane nemeko efanayo yexabiso. Ngenxa yoko, iifoto zeklasi ye-bosons zinokudlula, zivumela imitha yokukhanya ukuba ihambe ngokukhululekileyo, kwaye ingaphazamisi.
Kodwa kwenzeke ntoni ukuba uneziqhamo enye yedwa? Ngaba iya kubuyela kwimeko yexabiso le-sub? Ukuqonda oku okanye akunyanzelekanga ukuba kuqiniseke kwi-toplelogy ye-Topology-Imviwo yemathematics yeefom. Kukholelwa ukuba iifom ezimbini zilingana ne-topolology ukuba umntu unokutshintshwa abe ngomnye ngaphandle kwezenzo ezongezelelweyo (eziphelayo okanye ukwahlulwa). I-donut kunye ne-mug yekofu, njengoko intetho endala ithi, ilingana ne-topologulelo, kuba umntu unokuhlala ngokutyibilikayo kwaye enziwe ngokuqhubekayo.
Cinga ngelogo esiyenzileyo xa isuntshwe ijikeleze enye. Kwimilinganiselo emithathu, le loop inokuncwina ukuya kwinqanaba. Ngokuzenzekelayo, kujongeka ngathi ukuba i-sublecle ingashukumi. Nangona kunjalo, kwimilinganiselo emibini yelog ayikwazi ukuncipha, inamathele kwenye isuntswana. Oku kuthetha ukuba ayiyi kusebenza ngaphandle kwe-loop kwinkqubo. Ngenxa yale miqobo-ifunyenwe kuphela kwimilinganiselo emibini kuphela-ilogo yenxalenye enye ejikeleze enye ayifanelanga kuhlala indawo yokuhlala kwindawo enye. Ewe, intloko ihambahamba. Kungenxa yoko le nto i-physices ifuna iklasi yesithathu yamasuntswana - i-eniona. Imisebenzi yabo yamaza ayiphelelanga kwizigqibo ezimbini ezichaza izinto kunye nezikhuni kwaye la masuntswana ayikho enye.
Ebutsheni beminyaka yee-1980s, i-physics okwesihlandlo sokuqala yayisebenzisa le mibandela yokugcina "isiphumo senduli eqhelekileyo", apho i-elektrongs distem ", apho i-elektroniki iqokelelwa ndawonye ukuba idale i-elektroni ye-elektroni. Ngo-1984, kumsebenzi wephepha elisisiseko, uFrank Workeya noJohn Robert Sriffera babonisa ukuba le mibuzo inokwenzeka. Kodwa izazinzulu azizange ziqwalasele ngokuziphatha okunjalo, kwaye ngenxa yoko ayikwazanga ukubonisa ukuba ii-anion azifani naziphi na izinto ezifuywayo okanye ezila.
Inomdla: Kutheni i-progucs ye-Akin kwiMlingo?
Kungenxa yoko le nto isifundo esitsha siyinguquko - i-physics ekugqibeleni ikwazile ukubonisa ukuba i-Evanas iziphatha njengomnqamlezo phakathi kokuziphatha kwezinto ezizezipheni kunye nezinto ezinde. Into ebangela umdla, ngo-2016, i-physics ezintathu ichaze ukuseta uvavanyo, ifana ne-Inron ye-Inron ye-Inron kwimilinganiselo emibini. NgoFebw kunye noogxa bakhe bakha into efanayo ukulinganisa ukuguquguquka kwemicimbi kwi-collider.
Bakwazile ukubonisa ukuba indlela yokuziphatha ye-ENORT ihambelana ngokuchanekileyo nethiyori. Ngokubanzi, ababhali bomsebenzi wesayensi banethemba lokuba imilambo edidayo iya kuba nakho ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuziseni iikhompyuter zexabiso. Funda ngakumbi malunga nekhompyuter ye-quam kunye nendlela esebenza ngayo, funda kwimibandela ye-ramague guagi yam ganiev.