Kwinqaku lakhe elipapashwe kwi-MDPI PROAL, iqela lababhali abavela kwiDyunivesithi leDyunivesithi kunye ne-Esmorical Yesaka, iRiphabliki ye-Ceteric (i-Czech Republic) kunye ne-Messi Republiki, ekwabelwana ngayo kwiingxaki zokuzala kwakhe umvundla.
"Ukuhlolwa kwezilwanyana yezilwanyana kunye ne-carcass yabo ekuxhelweni kubhekiswa kwesixhobo esisetyenzisiweyo sobukhulu bokubekwa kweliso lezilwanyana kwaye sifakelwa ixesha elide kunokuba.
Eyona njongo iphambili yolu hlolo kukuchonga izilwanyana kunye namalungu ayo kunye namalungu alungelelene, kwaye azibandakanyi kwikhonkco lokutya.
Nangona kunjalo, uhlolo lwezilwanyana lukwabalulekile ukusuka kwinqanaba lokujonga i-epizoology kunye novavanyo lwezempilo lwezilwanyana zezolimo.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukubakho kokuhlolwa kwezilwanyana ekuchongeni nasekubonakaliseni intlalo-ntle yezilwanyana zasezifama njengengxaki engxamisekileyo yinkalo engakhange iphononongwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye ayihlali isetyenziswa ngokwaneleyo.
Isibakala sokuba zonke izilwanyana zokutya kufuneka zihlolwe izilwanyana, zenza ukuba kubekho indawo efanelekileyo yokuqokelela ulwazi olubanzi. Oku kunika ithuba elikhethekileyo lokuphucula ukuqaphela iingozi zombini ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga abantu kunye nezilwanyana, kunye nokubeka iliso ngempumelelo intlalo-ntle yezilwanyana zasezifama.
Izalathisi zentlalo-ntle, ezinokugqitywa malunga nemeko yomzimba, kulula kakhulu kwaye ibekwe esweni ngokuchanekileyo ngexesha lokufunda komtshato we-patho-shest yesidumbu sezilwanyana.
Okokuqala, ichaphazela ukonakala ngokwahlukeneyo, ukulimala, ukukrwada, amathumba kunye ne-dermatitis. Ezo datha nguMthombo wolwazi kwimeko eqhubekayo ngexesha lokuhamba kwemivundla kwindlu yexhego (ukulimala) nakwifama yemvelaphi (iinkqubo ezinganyangekiyo).
Ubukho bemonakaliso entsha bungqina kwinqanaba lentlalontle ngexesha lokuhamba, ngomxholo, ukumangalisa kunye nokubulawa ngokwayo. Nakuphi na ukwanda rhoqo kunye nobunzima bokulimala okunjalo kungqina ukungaziphathi ngokungekho mthethweni kumphathi okanye umqhubi wendlu. Uhlalutyo ngononophelo lwendalo kunye nokuhamba rhoqo koochwephesha bokufunyanwa kwemfundo kunokuba sisiseko sokusombulula ukuba ngaba kufanelekile ukusebenzisa amanyathelo okulungisa kwaye kuya kuba nawo amanyathelo akho ekhonkrithi.
Ngaphandle kwenyani yokuba iingxelo zokuhlola (ngakumbi iingxelo zophando lwe-vathologicals) zibonelela ngesixa esikhulu solwazi, ukusetyenziswa okucwangcisiweyo kobu buchule abuphunyezwa kumazwe amaninzi.
Uncwadi lwesayensi lukwisisalelo malunga nokuqokelela kunye nokuhlalutya idatha enxulumene ne-pathological ifumana kwimivundla ebuleweyo kwindlu yokuxhela.
Ukuphuma kwinqanaba lokujonga umthamo kunokubizwa ngokuba sisifundo se-Polish yexesha elide, esithi i-0.48% yazo zonke iicarbars ezifundwayo kwiPosi yasePoland ngo-2010 ukuya ku-2008 zamkelwa njengokutya. Esona sizathu sixhaphakileyo yi-sepsis kunye ne-pingliain, umanyano, isifo sephecana eliphezulu lokuphelisa, i-coccidiosis. Imeko ye-coccidiosis kunye nezinye izifo ezineparasitic zexesha lokufundwayo zehlile, nangona ukwanda kwenani lamatyala e-sepsis aqwalaselwa.
Izifundo malunga nokubekwa kwezempilo zezempilo kwiifama zibonisa ukuba imivundla ihlala ineengxaki ezimbini zempilo: I-Syndrome (ikakhulu kubantu abadala) kunye ne-digrome (rhoqo kwimivumbo yolutsha). Izifo zephecana lokugaya-oyena nobangela wokufa.
Umzekelo, i-bactenium ye-bactenium ye-bacterium ye-bacteriac oftidium i-Prefrilium yiarhente eqhubekayo ye-casussive yezifo zamathumbu kwiifama ezivulekileyo. Ezinye iinkqubo zenzala ezichaphazela umvundla kumashishini asebenza kwi-subcutanes, i-gestrointenal parasitosis, i-aispecia kunye ne-toptiis (i-casticia kunye ne-topritis (i-cusistic yaseToxopharmo).
Olu phononongo lwalujolise ekuvavanyeni iziphumo zokuhlolwa kwezilwanyana kwiRiphabliki kwi-Czech Republic kwixesha lika-2010, ngokuhambelana nenqanaba lempilo kunye nokuvavanya inqanaba lezempilo kwaye Impilo-ntle yemivundla ikhule kwifama ngesiseko sesi sigqibo.
Esona sikhulu seCzech sikhulu sivelisa i-130,000 yemivundla minyaka le
Impilo nentlalo-ntle yemivundla ekhule kwiifama yayifundwe ngokusekwe kwi-1,876,929 umvundla ofumene amanqaku amashumi alithoba kwiRiphabliki yeCzech kwixesha lika-2010.
Imivundla yabhaliswa ngeefama ezingama-80, apho ishishini linikezelwe ngaphaya kwe-50% yemveliso epheleleyo yemivundla kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseCzech, oko kukuthi, malunga ne-130,000 ngonyaka.
Ukubekwa kwamanye amafama ali-19 ukusuka kwi-1000 ukuya kwi-10,000 yemivundla ngonyaka, ukuvelisa omnye umlimi we-21, ngelixa amafama amancinci angama-100 anikezela kwimivundla eli-100 ngonyaka.
Kwiifama, imivundla equlethwe kwiiseli kunye negranus edliwayo. Ukuhamba ukuya kwindlu yokuxhelwa kwenziwa ngabathwali abagunyazisiweyo ngendlela esebenzisa izitya zothutho kunye neelori, zenziwe ngokukodwa kwaye zivunyelwe ukuba zothutho lwemivundla.
Uninzi lomvundla (88%) lwathuthwa kumgama ongaphantsi kwe-300 km (63% yemivundla kumgama ongaphantsi kwe-100 km), kwaye akukho hambo aluzange ludlule iiyure ezisibhozo. Kuzo zonke iikubhitelwa zemivundla equbene nentloko kuphela entloko.
Inqanaba lempilo elipheleleyo lemivundla kwi-sleightterhouses lalawulwa sisiseko sokubala inani le-pathologies efunyenweyo kwinani lemivundla efunyenwe kwinani lemibhobho. Idatha kwiziphumo zokuhlolwa kwezilwanyana emva kokuxhelwa okuqhutywa kwiCzech Slaghthous zafunyanwa ngokubuyela kwinkqubo yeSebe loLwazi lweMbali ye-Czech Republic.
Umyinge wenani le-pathologies efunyenwe kwinani lilonke lemivundla efunyenwe kwindlu yexhego yi-0.0214. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-1 yeziphumo ezibalelwa kwiziphumo ezi-2,14, ezichaza ukonakala kwezempilo kunye / okanye impilo-ntle, ekhokelela kwiinguqu zendalo ezifunyenwe ngexesha lokuxhelwa kwe-palimatomic ekuxhelweni.
Okubangela umdla kukuba, ireyithi ephezulu yokufa enxulumene ne-chirch ye-chriler (0.37%) kunye ne-RIBBITS (0.19%), i-0.19%), iinkomo (i-0.02%), i-pucks (i-0.08%) kunye ne-turkeys ( I-0.15%).
Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba iinkukhu zeebhutsi kunye nemivundla yempilo engalunganga ifa ngexesha lokuhamba ukuya kwindawo yokuxhela ngaphezulu kolunye uhlobo lwezilwanyana, okanye, ngamanye amaxesha, ezothutho zisinda kakhulu kwizilwanyana ezikwimeko elungileyo.
Ke ngoko, emva koko bavalwa zizilwanyana ezinempilo, njengoko kungqinelwe ngexabiso elincinci ledatha yePathological efunyenwe emva kokubulawa kwindawo yokuxhela, kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo zenyama.
Umvundla sisilwanyana esinobuthathaka kakhulu, esingqinwa yinqanaba eliphezulu lokufa ngexesha lokuhamba, kunye nokufa okuphezulu kwiifama, ngakumbi kwixesha lokhetho.
Ikota ye-rabits yolutsha ibhubha ngokuqinaUbomi obufutshane bokulindelwa kwemivundla (ukubeleka kugqityiwe ngaphambi kokuba imeko yeemeko zendawo yokuhlala ziya kuzibonakalisa kwi-organs) kunye nokufa kwabantu abakwimeko yempilo engalunganga eqokeleleni kwi-sleeceterrhose.
Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwenani elincinci le-pathological efunyanwa yimivundla ngexesha lokuhlolwa kwindawo yokuxhela, unokuchonga iindidi ezithile zempilo kunye nokuhamba.
Fumana emzimbeni kunye nemilenze yayihlala rhoqo, kwaye iphantse yaguquka kakhulu, engafunekiyo malunga nokukhuselwa kwezilwanyana.
Unobangela wesilwanyana, obangela, ngakumbi, ukwenzakala kwemilenze, kunye nendlela yokubamba imivundla kwaye ubeke kwizitya zothutho ngaphambi kokuhamba, ngexesha lokuxhelwa, ngexesha lokuxhelwa, ngexesha lokuxhelwa, apho Ukulimala, ukulimala, ukugcuma kunye nokuqhekeka kuvele.
I-wire imigangatho-isizathu esixhaphakileyo sokulimala kunye nezifo (i-raracratotosis, i-sub thenthematitiitis), kuyacetyiswa ukuvala, ubuncinci, i-Mats.
Ukuxinana okuphezulu kokufika, kukhokelela ekunyukeni kolwandiso lwemivundla, ngokuqinisekileyo ayifanelekanga.
Ubungakanani beeseli ezingalunganga zinciphisa amathuba okuhamba kunye nokusebenza kwendalo, okukhokelela kuphuhliso olungaqhelekanga lwe-rabit skeleton (ithambo lethambo, i-bone hypoplasia).
Izixhobo zeeseli okanye iifonti zemisebenzi yokuphucula (i-sticks, amaqonga e-sungume, amasebe) anegalelo elifanelekileyo ekunciphiseni uxinzelelo kunye ne-Anonies Anomies, angenjenge ukukhutshwa kweseli.
Imivundla, eye yanikwa enye indawo yokuhlala (i-verning encinci, phantsi nge-lattices zeplastiki), yayinendlela encinci yokulimala.
Unyango lwezilwanyana ngexesha lokulayisha kunye nokulayisha ngokwakho yinto yomngcipheko ngokwendlela yokwenzakala kunye nokufa kwabantu. Umngcipheko uyonyuka ngeebatch ezinkulu, kuba abasebenzi baba lincinci xa uphatha inani elikhulu lezilwanyana.
Ukufunyanwa kufunyenwe kwizintso kunye nesibindi xa uvavanya amalungu angaphakathi: phantse iyodwa kwizinto ezizodwa kwizintso (99.9%). Utshintsho olungapheliyo kwizintso kunye nesibindi mhlawumbi lubangelwa kukungalingani kokutya ngokubhekisele kwiimfuno zezilwanyana ezithile ngexesha lokufakwa kwabantu.
Ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwenkqubo yokugaya ukutya kwaye, umzimba wonke, wonke umzimba akachaphazeli nje ukwenziwa kokutya kunye nomlinganiselo ohambelana nezondlo, kodwa nexabiso lokutya, kunye nesakhiwo nobungakanani bamasuntswana ayo.
Iziphumo zophando zibonisa ukuba ukwehla komxholo wesitatshi kunye neproteyini kwi-fiber kunefuthe eliyingenelo ekwenzeni ukugaya kunye nenkqubo yokuxhwalela kwiSihlomelo.
Uthintelo lweengxaki zokugaya kunye ne-metabolic elandelayo kunye nomonakalo wamalungu yindawo yokutya: Umxholo ophezulu we-fiber egayiweyo kunye ne-fiber ye-fiber (i-fiber ye-fiber ye-14-16%), ngaphantsi kwe-14% Iprotein (15-16%), ukongezwa kweezongezo zesityalo ezifanelekileyo.
Ikwafumene amathumba amaninzi (ama-84,5%) kunye ne-Alliance (14.9%).
I-Abscesces eqaqambileyo-Ingxaki eqhubekayo kwiifama zoMvundla. Banokufakwa ekhaya kwimivundla kuwo wonke umzimba, kodwa bahlala bevela kwimilenze yangasemva nakwiintamo. Njengomthetho, vuka ngenxa yosulelo lokulimala olwenziwe ngexesha lokufa ngenxa yokuluma okanye ukulwa phakathi kwemivundla ehlala kunye.
Ngokuphathelele, zininzi izizathu ezinxulunyaniswa nezinye iimeko zendlela, ezinje ngosulelo lokuphefumla, i-gastroenteritis, jade, i-coccidiosiozis ye-Liter kunye namathumbu. Ukudinwa kunokuba sisiphumo sobudlelwane bokhuphiswano olunxulumene nokufikelela kutya ngexesha lokulima olungavumeli abantu ukuba bafumane inani elaneleyo lezondlo.
Ke ngoko, ezi ziingxaki zokwenyani ezifuna izisombululo kwinqanaba lokutshintsha komxholo kunye nococeko kwiifama ezivulekileyo. "
(Umthombo: www.mdpi.com: Lenki Distrir Veyrek, Eva diyrek, iVerodima Zarleva, eZubynek sederad).