Mehmed iChestfu, unyana omncinci ka-Ottoman Sultan Bayazida bendingumntu ongaqhelekanga. Ukuphila ubomi obufutshane, wakwazi ukuzalisa kangangoko kunokwenzeka, onokuba nenze ngokwaneleyo ukuba abaphathi balishumi kwinqanaba layo. Wathatha inxaxheba kwiimfazwe ezingama-24, apho kukho amanxeba avela kumakrele, iikopi neentolo. Kubafazi abathathu bakaSultan bazalwe bosixhenxe, iintombi ezilishumi elinanye, zineentombi ezilishumi elinanye. Watshabalalisa emsukeni ngenxa yegunya kubo bonke abantakwabo.
Kodwa eyona nto iphambili - apho inzala iyamzukisa, ngexesha leminyaka eyi-8 wakwazi ukubuyisela ngokupheleleyo ubunini be-Ottoman Sultanate kwaye badibanise iyunifomu engaphandle, ekoyisiwe kuyo ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu.
Ulutsha olufutshane lwe-Sultn yexesha elizayo
UHolamed Chelaby wazalwa malunga ne-1387-1389 eBussa, eDevlet-Harun, ukuba ayingamagama amabini anomfazi omnye. Ngexesha lokutshiswa nokuthinjwa kukayise ngo-1402 wayefanele ukuba wayeneminyaka eli-13 ukuya kweli-14 ubudala. Kumlo wase-Ankara, wayengathathi nxaxheba okanye akwazi ukuthatha umhlala phantsi kwaye akazange athathe umhlala phantsi kwaye akafane ne-Tamerlan, ngokungafaniyo namadoda akhe abadala noMusa.
Uya kuphanyelwa ngu-Bayazid Pasha, irhuluneli kwisixeko saseAmasiai, esimlungiselela ngokukhusela kunye nentente. Xa wayeba nguquko, uya kuvelisa umpheli kwi-chin ye-vizier enkulu. Emva kokusweleka kukatata ngonyaka we-1403, ulutsha oluphezulu luphela kwaye umthwalo wenkxalabo yeLizwe kukulinda.
I-Sultanat yahlulwe phakathi kwaba bazalwana babini baka-Is, eRuleman eRusheman, kwaye kwabo basandul 'ukhusele umlawuli wendoda kaTamerlana, "uKara Devletssha.
Idabi eliphambili lokuqala le-Mehed liza kubamba ubudala beminyaka eli-15, iqokelela imikhosi ethembekileyo, ubusuku bobukhali, iya kubambelela kwi-Amassan, ngokubhekisele kwi-Anatolia. Ke indlela yakhe iya kuqala ukubuyisela ubukhulu becala le-ottoman Dynasty.
Indlela yeFraticride etroneni
Phantse iminyaka eli-11 phakathi kwabazalwana abathathu, umzabalazo ongenamzabalazo welungelo lokuba yi-rultan. Okwethutyana kwibala lezopolitiko nezomkhosi lelo xesha likhathazekileyo, umzalwana wesine - uMisa Chelaby uya kuvela. Kutyhutywe eTamerlane Mehmonda kwisicelo sakhe. Akukaziwa ukuba ingakanani inokwenzeka, kodwa i-Musa iya kwenza kwicala le-mehd nangemfazwe ngemigca emibini aya koyisa iSuleiman, kodwa umuna ufuna ukuthatha indawo yakhe kwaye uya kutshatyalaliswa nge-mehd.
Ngomhla we-1413, amahlemed aya kuzisola kwi-Sultun kwaye aqalise ukubuyiselwa kwamandla e-Ottoman kwimpahla yangaphambili. Abantakwabo ababulawa ngumyalelo wakhe, yena ngembeko enkulu emngcwaba kwiBharsa ecaleni kukayise. Sele ngo-1415, uya koyisa yonke i-biliki ebonakalayo eMalaya Asia, ngaphandle kweKaraman. Uya kuhlasela ngo-1417, kodwa uya kuma kolo loyiso lukaKonya kwaye akayi kuqhubela phambili.
Ukongeza, uya koyisa uValachia nomkhosi wakhe, bafika eTranslvania, baya koyisa i-anatoly adatoy kunye nenxalenye yeAlbania. Ukuza kwiDanube ye-Danibe, inqaba enamandla iya kwakhiwa ukuze ivume amandla akhe apho (ngoku isixeko saseGouhruz).
Uya kuzama ukulwa elwandle, kunye neRiphabliki yeVenice. Ezi yayizizomkhosi zokuqala zomkhosi bezithuthi zaseTurkey elwandle elwandle. Eyokuqala "iphume" yaphuma, njengoko kufanele, "iKomom." I-Ottoman Fleet iya kwaphulwa, kwaye iinqanawa ezingama-25 zifakiwe ngu-Penenetia.
Ngelixa ndimbuyisela ulongamo lwemeko yakhe kwaye ndandise izinto anazo malunga nemeko yezobupolitika umlinganiswa omtsha. Okwesihlanu umzalwana, -umza wabonakala ngaphandle kwendawo.
Ixesha elininzi bekholelwa ukuba wabulawa, kwenye indawo kubushushu bedabi e-Atyara okanye ekuthinjweni kweTamerlan, kodwa hayi, yabonakala kwaye yabonakala isiqingatha soBukumkani. UHEBHITHI UTHANDA UMNYANGO WOKUGQIBELA WAYONA UMBONO WOKUGQIBELA, INguqulelo efanayo yenzeka kwimibhalo yembali yokugqibela yase-Byzantium George Sprandzi.
I-brantz izamile, ukuzinceda kuncedo olucacileyo lweVenice naseByzantium, ukuba babhukuqe, kodwa wabala. Yaphukile yintloko, kodwa ayibulawa. Wathunyelwa kwisiqithi seLeminos, phantsi kwe "kugcinwa" koGcino "loMlawuli waseBytsantine.
Ukulwa i-sultun kunye namaKomanisi
I-Mehid andiyizibophelelekory yokulwa kumlo wokulwa "ongalunganga." Kucacile, kwakuyimfuneko ukulwa uninzi kunye nabazalwana kwaye kwaphucula i-Balaya eMalaya Asia, kunye ne-Bhriszantium ye-BRZANYA, yayingabalinganeki. Ezembali, uya kungena eGameni "Arkey", kuquka ngenxa yokunyaniseka kwiinkolo ezahlukeneyo ezamvuma ukuba angeniswe.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho indoda esijwini yakhe, eya kwenzeka ngaphambi kwexesha lakhe ngenkulungwane. Umbono wobuKomanisi awuzukuzalwa kungekuko entlokweni ye-Karl Marx, kwaye hayi nakwiiarriterals zeFrance yasimahla, inengcambu ye-ottoman. I-Slogan "Inkululeko, iNkundla, ubuzalwana!" Iya kuba nombala weMpuma, ovela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XV kwiimbono zeSheikh Seddendin.
Ngokusekwe kwimbono yokuba uThixo eyedwa, amaSilamsi, amaKristu onke, kunye namaYuda, oku kwakhanyisela ingcinga yokulingana kwehlabathi kunye nokubhukuqa kwe-adrewcy.
Ngaphantsi kweebhanti zakhe kuya kuvela inani elikhulu elihlwempuzekileyo neliphelileyo. Kwinkulungwane yama-20, wayeya kuphumelela ngenguquko yakhe kwi-XX, kodwa inkulungwane yayingu XV. I-kabini kathathu, kwidabi lesithathu waphulwa, ngo-1420, uninzi lwezinto ezifunyanwayo "zobuKomanisi" zabulawa, kwaye ebhedini yaseSheikhdendin yaxhonywa.
Ubomi bosapho kunye nokufa ngokwam
Abafazi bakaSultan babentathu, bobabini, i-Emine-Harun kunye ne-Sheshazade Hatiun yayiyinkonzo yabalawuli be-Gilikov, kodwa yayilishweshwe nje.
Oonyana bakhe baya kuzalwa basixhenxe, batye kabini. UKasim uza kufa ebusaneni obutsha, malunga neminyaka emi-2 ubudala. I-Mehemed eneminyaka eli-13 ubudala, kwaye itrone iya kulidla ilifa i-murad ii, emva koko iya kubamfamekisa abazalwana abathathu, uAhmed, uMakhmuda "Bratski", ukwenzela ukuthintela amabango abo. Bonke aba bazalwana baya kufa ngexesha lokuqhambuka kwesibetho enesibetho ngo-1429.
Mhlawumbi impembelelo kwisigqibo iya kuba yiyo iyelenqe kunye nokuphakama komnye uMzalwan 'uPetafa "Kyucheuki" - eConstract ", eye yabulala ngo-1423. Nangona kunokwenzeka, ukungaboni kwabazalwana, iya kuba yinto 'yophuculo'.
Iintombi zakhe ziya kuba ne-10 okanye 11, bonke baya kuba ngabafazi beerhuluneli zabamelwane, banganyanzelwanga i-bilikov. I-Sultan Hatun, Selchuk Habiun (mhlawumbi ezimbini ngegama elifanayo, enye yafa ngaphambi), i-InUld Handen, i-Habin Habiun, i-Habing Habin, ebizwa ngokuba ngabafazi Kubaphathi baseBeilikov, kodwa ngaphandle kokukhankanya amagama abo.
Njengokuba kubonwa sisisu, nangona yayixakekile yimfazwe nangezopolitiko, kodwa yayineziqhamo kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, yayingabekwalelwanga ukuba iphile "ukunyuka ngezilondolozi".
Ngo-1421, ngexesha lokuzingela, wawa ngempumelelo kwihashe. Ukucula ukufa kwakho kwabangalunganga, wayalela ukuba abize unyana, uMurad, owayeza kuyidlulisela itrone. Le yindlela umbhali-mbali oza kubhalela ngayo iSocaugu:
"Iindaba zokubhubha kukaFultan zahlala kwindawo esondeleyo kwimfihlo engama-42. Yayilixesha lokuqala xa ukusweleka kukaVladla Osmanov okhumbulayo ixesha elide. Inxalenye yemikhosi eyayikrokrela into engalunganga, umngcipheko wokuvukela umvukelo. Emva koko ukuze bafumane 'uthuli kweliso, "umphathi wemikhosi wabanjwa. Isidumbu sabanjwa sabanjiswa yi-Sultan enxibe iimpahla ezityebileyo, i-turban yayinkcenkceshelwa entloko kwaye yafaka ibhotwe "leParade" efestileni. Kwangelo xesha, imbeko i-inteystly ishukumisela izandla zakhe ukuba zenze ukubonakala kukaSultan. "Kwanasemva kokuba ukusweleka kukaFultan Mehmed Mehmed Mehmed Mehmed Mehmed Mehmed Mehment kuye kwafuneka ndikwazi ukusombulula umbuzo wombuzo malunga nokuthintela amagqabantshintshi emkhosini.
Ukuqukumbela
Ababhali-mbali abaninzi baseTurkey babiza i-mehmed i-emzi (emva kwakhe)) ongumsunguli woBukhosi base-Ottoman. Yintoni eyavumela lo mntu ungaqhelekanga ngexesha nje nje nje elifutshane elinjalo, belunjani ukuzonwabisa kwamandla okuqala kwe-Ottoman?
Inyani yokuba yonke imihla wayezalisa ngentsingiselo, umxholo kunye nomsebenzi. Ungawuyeki umsebenzi wakho ngaphandle kokuzinika ukuphumla kwaye uphumle. Konke oku kuyakhunjulwa yinyani yokuba ebephantsi kwesoyikiso sokwenyama kwintshabalalo yomzimba entweni kaThixo, kwaye ngokuxhomekeke ekufeni kwakhe kwangoko.
Uhlobo lwegorha elinikwe yena ngokutsaleka kuye, lavunyelwa ukuba lithethele esithi "Yonke into engazange isibulale," isenza somelele. " Kungenxa yoko, ukohlula ubunzima, wafumana ubukhulu kubantu bakhe. Nangona i-irany yekamva yayingazange ingeke kwikrele emfazweni emfazweni kwaye hayi kwi-dilger kwindawo yebhotwe, kodwa nje ukusuka ekuweni okufikelelekayo kwihashe. Ewe, awusoze wazi ukuba unokufumana phi - apho ulahlekelwa khona. "
Uncwadi kunye nemithombo:
- I-Caroline Finkel "Iphupha Osman: Imbali yoBukhosi we-Ottoman 1300-1923"
- B. P. Kinross "intyatyambo kunye nokubola koBukhosi be-Ottoman"
- Yu. A. Petrosyan "I-Ottoman Biffere. Amandla nokufa "