Kwimbali yeMfazwe Yezwe Ezinkulu, i-Arctic Convice, eyayinenxalenye ye-USSR yenxalenye yezixhobo zomkhosi ukusuka kumahlakani kwi-Anti-Hitler Coalite Ally Indawo ekhethekileyo.
Baye babalwa malunga nekota yayo yonke i-Lenid Lizovski Pargo, kuba yayiyeyona ndlela ikhawulezayo yokudlulisela izixhobo ezifanelekileyo kwilizwe lethu. Kodwa neyona iyingozi: Wathatha iintsuku ezili-14, nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke iinqanawa zafikelela esiphelweni sendlela: Ukususela ngo-1941 ukuya ku-1945 ukuya kuthi ga kwi-422 i-78 yezothutho ayiphumelelanga ukuza kwi iindawo eziya kuzo.
Hayi indlela ebenzima ngayo le ndlela, umntu unokugweba imbali yeSoviet Steamer efanayo - "Bolshevik". Le nqanawa yosuku olunye emva komhla we-27 kaMeyi, ngo-1942 wasinda ehlaselwa ngenqwelomoya - kwaye emva kwayo yonke loo nto, nokuba emva kokuba ibhombu ye-bomb yakwazi ukufikelela kwi-murmansk.
Ukuhanjiswa kokuqala kwi-USSR phantsi kweNkqubo yoNcedo lweAmeria, ngoku kubizwa ngokuba yiLena (nangona kwakusithiwa kwilizwi lemikhosi laseMelika), kwaqala kwisiqingatha sesibini sehlobo lowe-1941. Njengakhawuleza kakhulu kwaye ikhuselekile ngokwaneleyo ngelo xesha, kwakhethwa iArctic. I-Imirodent Soviet Soviet yoLwandle lweArctic-Murmansk, kunye ne-Arthangelk, yaba yindawo yokugqiba kwe-Arctic Korvayev. YayiliSixeko nge-31 ka-1941, wayamkela i-Countey yokuqala, ebizwa ngokuba yi "Dervyshesshe" kwaye equlethe iinqanawa ezi-7 zemoto kunye neenqanawa ezili-15. I-convoy elandelayo, esele inikwe i-PQ-1 i-Indes, kungekudala, "yafika kwi-USSR ngo-Oktobha 11. Kwaye i-convoy yokuqala, efikayo iMurmansk - i-PQ-6, ifikile kwindawo oya kuyo ngoDisemba 20, 1941.
Eyona nto idumileyo phakathi kwe-polar convoys yayikutyalwa kabini ngokulandelelana - i-PQ-16 ne-PQ-17. Eyokuqala yaziwa ngokuba yeyona iphumelele kakhulu ngokwemilinganiselo yeendleko kwi-wiring yayo kunye nexabiso leempahla ezizisiweyo. Okwesibini, i-ALOS, iyaziwa ngosizi ukuba ilungiselelo lakhe laliphantsi kolawulo lweenkonzo eziphambili zaseJamani, kwaye ke ngoko endleleni yahlulwa ngokwethusane ngenqwelomoya kunye nomkhosi wamanzi, ngokuyintloko. Ngapha koko, lowo woyiswa waba luhlobo lwempindezelo yaseJamani ngempumelelo yokuthumela i-PQ-16. Nangona ikamva le "yeshumi elinesithandathu aliyi kubiza ngokulula, elingumzekelo womqhubi wenqwelomoya" we-bolsheevik ".
Le nqanawa yawa kwi-polar convoys enomsebenzi onoxolo - ukuthutha kwehlathi kuLwandle oluMantla. "Yakhiwa ngo-1933 kwinqanawa esemantla eLeningrad kwaye yayingaphezulu kwe-111 m, iitoni ezingama-8180 - iitoni ezingama-5700-iitoni ezingama-5100 ze izixhobo zehlathi). Le projekthi yayiphumelele kangangokuba iminyaka emihlanu isusela ngo-1930 ukuya ku-1935 - yakhiwe uthotho olukhulu lweenqanawa ezili-15 ezili-15. I-Bell Newlands zenkuni idlulisela isityalo se-admiralty, ngaphezulu-ngaphezulu kweenqanawa zasemantla. Ezi nqanawa zazibonakaliswa ngumgangatho wamandla onyukayo, kuba, ngokweprojekthi, ukuya kuthi ga kwisithathu sehlathi lehlathi lalikulo. Ngapha koko, ukuba impahla enjalo inokubakho ukuya kuthi ga kwi-4 m, kwaye ke ihlaziye i "mdala yeBolshevik", ezazibizwa ngokuba "ngamahlathi amakhulu", zazidume ngokuphulukana nokulahleka . Okokugqibela, kuba ezona ndawo ziphambili zachongwa ezona ziphambili zaselwandle zeetawuli ezinkulu zehlathi, bafumana i-hull hull kunye nokuqiniswa komkhenkce. ELizwini, okwexesha layo yayizizitya ezimnandi, zanikwa kakhulu, ngeempawu ezintle ze-nautical.
Yonke le nto iye yenzelwa isizathu sokuba amanqaku amakhulu ehlathi elikhulu lokuqalisa kwemfazwe ebizwa ngokuba yinkonzo. Inxalenye ebonakalayo yabo yayisebenza kwiMpuma Ekude eMpuma, ihambisa i-locomotive kwiSoviet Union evela eUnited States - kwaye kwasondezwa kwempahla koku. Kunye "neBolshevik", ababesebenza kwinkampani yokuthumela iMurmansk, baba yinxalenye yekhonkco lePolar. Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwenqanawa ukusuka ekuhlaseleni inqwelo moya, imipu emibini ye-anti-andsches iphakanyiswe kuyo kunye nemipu emininzi yokulwa inqwelo moya - kwaye amahlathi ajika ahamba.
Ekupheleni kuka-Matshi 1942, iBolshevik endala yeza eNew York, apho ngaphezulu kwe-4,000 yeetoni zeegobolondo kunye neziqhushumbisi zalayishwa ebhodini yakhe, kunye nenqwelomoya. Ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, inqanawa yangena ulwandle oluvulekileyo kwaye lwathabatha ikhosi eReykjavik, apho uninzi lweenkozo zenziwa ngelo xesha. Kufika emva kwexesha nge-19 kaMeyi, ngo-1942, i-Caravan yeCaravan PQ-16 ithathe ikhosi ukuya kwi-murmansk. Yayiyizikhethela ezingama-35 iinqanawa eziphantsi kwenqanawa ye-17 yokuhamba, kunye neqela elihamba kunye nesiqithi se-8 eBaris 4 kunye nabatshabalalisi abayi-3.
Iintsuku ezintlanu zokuqala zendlela zazizolile: Inqwelo moya yaseHitler okanye inqanawa engaphantsi yayingafikanga kwikharavani. Kodwa ngentsimbi ye-25 kaMeyi, xa inkohliso yafikelela kwisiqithi sikaJan-Masen, wahlaselwa ngabantu ababini kunye ne-tordeni. Kwaye waqalisa isihogo. Uhlaselo lulandele elinye emva kwelinye, kwaye amafutshane ebusuku angazisela iinqanawa kunye neenqanawa kwikhonkco lesiqabu esikhulu. Ezona zinzima kwi-PQ-16 yaba ngumhla kaMeyi 27 - lowo owayitshintsha ngonaphakade eli xesha "leBolshevik" kunye neqela layo.
Intando yezothutho yaseSoviet yayisemsileni womyalelo, kwaye ngenxa yoko yahlaselwa ngokukhethekileyo inqwelo moya yaseJamani. Kude kube lixesha eliphambi kwexesha ukusuka kwingxaki enkulu, kwagcinwa ngumlilo oxineneyo we-anti-gunnes kunye nemipu yomatshini, kunye nokusebenza okuchanekileyo. Inqanawa inikelwe ngokubonakalayo kwi "Jushers" Ukuya kuye, kwaye eyona prorit yekaKapayi yeminyaka engama-20, i-Navigit ivan Afanaswehlo, kunye ne-baltic yangaphambili ye-baltic I-Boris Akazuntoka. Yayiyimizamo ye-Bolshevik i-Bolshevik "kathathu ikwazile ukuthoba iitotshi ezisondeleyo, zalahlwa yi-torpedo.
Nangona kunjalo, akukhathaleki ukuba uthobekile kangakanani, akunamsebenzi, nokuba ngumlilo wendlela yokuhlasela inqwelo moya, enye yohlaselo lwe-47 yaphela ngempumelelo yamaNazi. Kwangelo xesha, i-bolshevik endala "ihlasela inqwelo moya eneenqwelo moya ezithoba, kwaye omnye wabo wayekwazi ukufumana ibug yenqanawa, kwangoko ngaphambi kokuba useke. Ukuqhushumba kwabulala ukubala umpu we-Anti-moya, kwaye yona yahlulelene; I-qhudes evuthelweyo kunye nebhulorho ye-captain, i-Ivan Ivan Amanasweswehlo.
Kodwa eyona nto imbi kukuba ibhombu efanayo ibangele umlilo kwi-Truma, apho imipu yayikhona. Ukwenzela ukuthintela ukuqhuma kwangoko, i-boris Akazeneok kunye nomncedisi wokuqala we-BOSHISEVERIA, wathatha inxaxheba kwi-Baltic Terovsky) i-Torovsky yakha igumbi lokuhambisa lelo kwindawo ekhuselekileyo.
Ukucela ukuba umlilo ubetha kwiBolshevik endala, kwaye ndicinga kakuhle, kwaye ndisekho umthwalo, umyalelo weqela le-PQ-16 onikelwa eSoviet Seaman ukuba aphume kwinqanawa yonke imizuzu yokuqhekeza. Umtshabalalisi wesiNgesi sele weza kuye ukuze athathe abasebenzi bezothutho laseRussia, emva koko bamba i-Steamer: Kwakukho umkhwa oqhelekileyo wezinto ezininzi. Kodwa abasebenzi be "I-Bolshevik endala yaphendula esi sivakalisi kwibinzana elinye:" Asizukukungcwaba inqanawa. " Ke kaloku indimbane, yaphosa intlahla eqhubekayo yenqwelomoya, yaqhubeka, kwaye ithuthwe itshiyileyo yahlala inye enolwandle olubandayo kunye nelangatye elivuthayo.
Iiyure ezisibhozo iqela labasebenzi "bolshevik" balwela usindiso lwenqanawa yakhe - kwaye ekugqibeleni waphumelela! Umlilo wawugunyaziswe ukuba ucime, i-Plaster ibekwe kwimingxunya, kwaye ithuthuthu lahamba ecaleni kwekhonkco. Wambamba ngengomso, xa kwakungekho mntu wayelindele ukubuya kwakhe. Ukubona indlela enzakeleyo, ebhodini, enyanisweni, itshisa idesika, ihlaselwe i-Wiper, ihlaselwe i-conney "kwiflethi yenqanawa yenqanawa . Kwisaqhwithi kwiimvakalelo, ulwimi lwemiqondiso yaselwandle luthetha ukuqaphela abasebenzi kwinqanawa, ebhekiswe kweli binzana.
Ngorhatya lukaMeyi 30, xa eyona nxalenye iphambili ye-PQ-16 yangena eKola Bay, etshaye i-tube enamandla "yeBolshevik endala" idibene ne-artillery imibuliso emi kwinqanawa ye-artiel. Igosa eliphezulu eliphezulu ladlula kule telegrafi elandelayo yomyalelo: "Makhe ndikunike igosa lam, ukuvunywa kwigosa lase-English linentshukumo ye-herhevik" ye "" Kuphela yiRoma kuphela. Kwaye kungekudala, i-telegraph entsha yeza kumyalelo we-soviet navy-evela kwi-Bhritane Armiralty: "Egameni le-Royal Navy, inkanuko kunye nokuzimisela, okuboniswayo ngexesha ledabi le iintsuku ezintandathu. Ukuziphatha kweqela elithi "iBolshevik" lalilungile. "
KwiSoviet Union, umqhubi wenqwelomoya weqela "leBolshevik" lakudala "laliqikelelwa. UCaptain Lesovozoz Ivan Amanasweswehlo, PomPolit Konstantin Perovsky nomhlali weSoviet Akazenok, ofileyo (emva kwedabi elingcwatywe oomatiloshe abane).
"IBolshevik endala" ikhutshiwe - i-odolo likaLenin: umfanekiso wakhe uhlole iflegi yenqanawa. NgoJuni 1942, "i" Mulhevik "" yakudala yeBolshevik "ngoJuni 1942, njengenxalenye yekhonkco elilandelayo liye eNgilane, apho waya kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki kwaye esebenza njengenxalenye yeNqanaba lokuThunyelwa kweMaritime, eqhubekayo Zibandakanyeke ekuhanjisweni kweempahla zomkhosi ukusuka eUnited States. Inqanawa yahlala kwinkqubo yomsebenzi de kwangowe-1969, kude kube yiminyaka engazange ithathe eyabo ...