UNikolay Ladovsky ngumyili ohlukileyo, "ongabonakaliyo" othatha inxaxheba kwizinto ezininzi "hayi". Omnye wabo yincwadi ethi "Izinto zeNdawo yoMsebenzi" (1934). Phakathi kwababhali n. I-Ladovsky (njengakwinani leeprojekthi zoyilo) azichazwanga.
Yiya kwinxalenye yokuqala yenqaku
Nangona kunjalo, ukubona igama kwikhava, akukho nzima ukuqikelela ukuba ayikho ngaphandle kweLadovsky. Ababhali - Amalungu e-Asnov: Vladimir Krings, ivan LamstSsov noMikhail Turkus. Ezimbini zokugqibela-kunye nezifundo zeLadovsky. Kwaye bonke ootitshala abathathu - ootitshala be-perennial ye-vhutemas kunye ne-Mscow AreayiTute. Ke, iindlela ze-pedagogogy zaphuhliswa kwi-Asnov ubuncinci igcinwe ngokuyinxenye.
Kwangelo xesha, kukholwa ngokusemthethweni ukuba uNikolai Ladovsky, phakathi kobunzima bemisebenzi eqaqambileyo, kuphela eyaphunyezwayo:
- I-South Pavilion metro "isango elibomvu";
- Ezona holo ye-Dzerzhinskaya yeMetro.
Kwaye yonke into ... kubonakala ngathi. Kuba ayisiyiyo yonke into elula kakhulu.
Ewe, iipesenti ezingama-90 zababhali zitshisiwe ngokucacileyo: ezimbini ezisetyenzisiweyo. Kodwa kwanakwa eWikipedia, owesithathu sele ebonisiwe: izindlu ezimbini zegaxeni "iGazetive Gazeta", izindlu ezi-5 nezi-5 izindlu ezinguNombolo 6 kwiSitrato seTverkaya.
Ngendlela, ooyilo luka-Asnov baphuhlisa iprojekthi yenkundla ebomvu eLuzhniki, ofumene imbasa yegolide yoMboniso weHlabathi we-1935 eParis. Lowo iphi i-puvilion melnikova kwaye iprojekthi yeKlabhu yokuSebenza iRodchenko isongelwa.
I-Ladovsky inolwalamano ngqo.
- Okokuqala, ngokungafaniyo nomsebenzisi we-strecavist, oqokelele inani lezinto ezinxulumene netalene kunye ne-Ausnov ijikeleze i-ladovsky, ubuntu bakhe kunye nezimvo zohlobo: "Ulwakhiwo lusebenzisa indawo."
- Okwesibini, okubaluleke ngakumbi, indlela yayo kwasekuqaleni ibonisa umsebenzi ohlanganisiweyo.
Ke kulo naliphi na iprojekthi yeqela leqela, kwaye nangakumbi abafundi bakhe abavela eVhutema, kukho nomsebenzi kaNikolai Alexandrovich.
Ngaba sele siqhelene nezindlu zeLeningrad kwitraksti yesitalato? Kodwa iprojekthi yeqela le-moscow ye-ASnov: I-Havo-Shabovsky Zhilmassiv (1927-30).
Okokuqala, iphinde ibe yiprojekthi yokwakha indawo yonke, kunye nokusekwa kwezindlu. Ngapha koko, kuzo zonke iiprojekthi, kwakuyimfuneko ukugxila kwimithetho: amacandelo okuhlala emiselweyo esetwa yimithetho. Imigangatho kunye nendawo ebomvu yezitrato ", zibeke amathuba, njl.
Yintoni engathinteli isicombululo sokuqala: Ukucwangcisa ekhaya kwii-engile zasekunene komnye komnye, ukhanyisela ngama-45 degrees malunga negridi yezitrato ezikufutshane. Izindlu zigxile kumacala ehlabathi: amagumbi aphilayo ane-balcon athathwe emazantsi, amakhitshi, amagumbi okuhlambela kunye namagumbi afanayo-emantla.
Apha ungabona iikona ezikrwada kunye nezihobe, nazo zinxulunyaniswa ngabom ngombala: kuvaliwe kwaye zicacisiwe ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yeendonga ezingekho ngqiqweni.
Ngamanye amaxesha i-quiades enemigca ethe tyaba, i-belt glazing yenziwa - eneneni, isisombululo, uphawu ngakumbi lweengcali. Ukuba basebenzise i-DeCor, babelabe imitha nganye, okanye "bonisa" isakhelo sesakhiwo; Kulungile, "icetyiswe iifestile ezibi" ezingakhange zihlale zinemali eyaneleyo.
Iingcali ezizimisele ngokwahlukileyo ngokugxininisa amandla, ubume, isigqi, imiqulu.
Njengokuba, umzekelo, kwilali "yeBudnunovskaya" kwisitalato esikhulu seposi (intloko ye-M. Motaleva, i-Archirect A. fufaev kunye nemephu).
Kwaye isicwangciso selali sikude ukusuka ekusebenziseni ngokuthe gabalala. (Khumbula umbono we-corbusier, ukuba izixeko ezindala zeYurophu "zakhiwe ngamaqhude" ukuya apho, banokudlula phi? Umntu ubeka ngqo.)
Kodwa amagama ambalwa malunga nombala.
Ngokuthetha ngokungqongqo, "ukudibani" kusebenzisa amalahle. Eli lixesha le-Avan-Garde! Kwaye i-raitional ayilibali ngokusebenza. Umzekelo, ukuthobela ekhaya nguWindows kumazantsi okanye emazantsi-mpuma. I-Russia ayisiyo i-Itali okanye eMzantsi Afrika, apho kufuneka ufile kwilanga ... kwaye kwi-havo-Shalebovy yendawo yokuhlala i-Ealcovky ye-Bhalcovy ye-Bhalcovy yenziwa emazantsi, igumbi lokuhlambela kunye namagumbi afanayo kunye namagumbi ahlala emantla.
Kwaye ngaphezulu: Ukusebenza kwe-pecalicar (okanye, ngokuchanekileyo, ukusebenzisana) zibonisa ngokwakhe ngokukhetha izinto.
Fikeza i-wortarcast -ist -qinisa ikhonkrithi. Kodwa kwi-USSR 20s kunye nemveliso yokuqinisekiswa kwikhonkrithi, kwaye nokubanjalo, imeko ayinamsebenzi.
Ingcali isebenza ngezitena, ngamanye amaxesha - ukusetyenziswa kwesibini, ukusuka kwizakhiwo ezindala. Izitena eRussia kakhulu, ukuveliswa kwayo kuyahlukunyezwa, kwaye zakhiwa kwangoko ziinduli. Ngokupheleleyo kusetyenziswa ukuqulunqwa kwezinto, ukuchuma kwayo, isiqabu esingaphezulu; Ukukwazi ukubeka iindlela ezintsonkothileyo.
Apha, ngendlela, indawo ephahleni e-havsco-shabovsky zhilmassiv.
Uphahla olucekeceke lupholile kakhulu. Ixabiso eliphantsi kwaye lenza ukuba ibeke indawo yoluntu apha. Kungoku, kunye nezixhobo zanamhlanje kunye neetekhnoloji, ezi zophahla zihlala zenzeka. Kwaye ngelo xesha ...
Khumbula indlu, ubize ngenxa yokuvuza rhoqo 'kokucaphuka'? Kwaye kwiYurophu echumeyo, kwenzeke oku. Batsho, ngokuqhubekayo nophahla lweVila owuyisiseko ye-Savoy, enye yeeprojekthi eziphambili le Corbsusier. Yakhela into ngezo teknoloji ebenazo ngelo xesha.
Kodwa izizathu eziguqukayo zeSoviet azinazintloni zokucoca okanye iphaphahle lophahla. Kodwa i-chip ekhethekileyo "ekhethekileyo yendlela yoyilo isezizinzi ezingekho mgangathweni.
Izakhiwo zendawo yokuhlala zihlala zilahla njani? Imiqolo efanayo "yekholam"; "EShangu", iphela iphela, ngamanye amaxesha ayesenza i-sausage eyandisiweyo; Umnqamlezo; Isikwere ...
Iingcali zezezindlu ze "Tratisnist", zijikeleze, umzekelo, izitepsi. Iprojekthi yokuqala le vhuteemovskaya yeqela leLadovsky, ngo-1924 kwindlu eSokolniki. Ayikhiwanga.
Yakhelwe kwiprojekthi eyahlukileyo kancinane kwi-SIC utshatile ngo-1930-32. Kwaye lo ngomnye "umsebenzi ongaziwayo" weLadovsky.
Kodwa ixhasa ngokupheleleyo "inkxaso yomgangatho wokuqala. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukwakha iinkxaso? Ngaba ihambelana nesisombululo sendawo?
Ewe Nceda!
Le ndlu ayikho kuluhlu lwemisebenzi yeLadovsky, kodwa iphantse yayilwa nokuthatha inxaxheba ngqo. Ngakumbi ukuba ukhumbula ubumbeko lomsebenzi kwi-ASnov.
Phakathi kwabasunguli kwe-Asnov yayiliLiskyky eyaziwayo. Kwakhona, kubonakala ngathi iphunyezwa kuphela kweprojekthi yoyilo - indlu yokuprinta yemagazini "ongunek", 1932. Mhlawumbi, inokubangelwa kukungqinelana?
Kodwa enye (ibali elinye njenge "zakhiwo" ezingaziwayo "zeLadovsky!) IprojekthiItsky: Ukwakhiwa kweCandelo leCPKIO. Gorky. Siphucule kwaye sasebenzisa umlandeli wakhe kwiLisky njengeyona iphambili ye-CPCO esekwe kwiprojekthi yayo.
Ngo-1928, uLadovsky, ngokucacileyo, uthatha isigqibo sokuba abafundi bakhe balungele ukusebenza kakuhle. Uphuma kumsebenzi wethiyori oqhubekayo we-Anonov kwaye aququzelele u-Aru - intlangano yoyilo lwamaNazizishini. Igama libonisa ngokupheleleyo iinjongo zombutho: uphuhliso lweethagethi zedolophu kunye neeprojekthi.
Kwaye ngo-1932, uLadovsky wenza iprojekthi yakhe kwisicwangciso esiqhelekileyo sokuphinda kwenziwe ngokutsha kweMoscow. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukusuka kwimbali yembali, iindawo ezintsha kufuneka zikhuphe inkokeli eyandayo ukuya kut.
Ubiza le nkqubo "Parabola".
Uyilo lwe-radial-ring of Arkitect ithathelwe ingqalelo kwaye inciphise ukuphuculwa kwesiXeko. Kodwa, ngokwahlukileyo kwi-corbusier efanayo nemibono yakhe eqingqiweyo, "bonke badilize kwaye bakhe imfuneko", uLadovsky ugcina i-moscow eyimbali, kodwa inxenye entsha yoyilo icwangcisa ngendlela entsha. Inxalenye ephakathi ye- "Parabola" iFom yendawo yokuhlala, iindawo ezikwimizi-mveliso "ifake" ukwakhiwa kwendawo yokuhlala kwimida. I-Parabola ityhilwa kulwahlulo lwaMantla-ntshona, lishiya idolophu ukubakho kokukhula.
Njengoko uyazi, iprojekthi eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo yamkelwe ye "Stalinist" eyakhiwe kwakhona kwiminyaka eliqela. Kubandakanya nokufunyanwa kunye nokukhulisa ubume bakudala bemali enkulu.
Kodwa kwimephu yanamhlanje yaseMoscow, siya kubona, ewe, hayi "iParabola", kodwa ... yandisa kwaye ikhupha ikhonkco "endala". Kuyinyani, akashiyanga kwi-tever, kodwa emazantsi mpuma-kodwa umbono weLadovsky uqikelele apha. Andazi ukuba ibinempembelelo enye xa uphuhlisa isicwangciso sokuphuhliswa kwesiXeko. Kodwa kuyacaca ukuba nakuphi na uyilo oluncinci olungenalutho okanye ingcali yokucwangciswa kwedolophu kufuneka iqhelane nembali yoyilo ...
Kwaye kunyaka ongaphambili, umyili wezinto ezenziwe ngombono wokwakhiwa kwebhloko enkulu ukusuka kwimigangatho yebhloko, iiseli zokuhlala ezilungiselelwe ngokupheleleyo iindidi ezininzi ezenziwe kwiifektri kunye nokugcinwa okulungiselelwe indawo yokwakha. Ewe, kwaye banokudityaniswa ngokweprojekthi ethile, ukwakha indlu yeefom ezinqwenelekayo kunye nobukhulu.
Iseli yayicetyiswe ukuba ingeniswe ngesakhelo esilungiselelwe ekhaya kwaye uqhagamshele kunxibelelwano lwangaphambi kolwazi. Olunye uluvo lweSoviet Averiet-Gards ababephambi kwexesha labo!
Ngo-1934, enye iprojekthi iyenziwa: Incwadi yencwadi "yobume bendawo yokuhlala kunye nendawo. Hayi okokuqala kwinani lababhali, uLadovsky akachazwanga.
Nangona kunjalo, amagama akwisikhuselo athetha ngokwabo: Abathathi-nxaxheba baka-Asmanov baka-Vladimir Krings, ivan Lampsy noMikhail Turkus. Ezimbini zokugqibela-kunye nezifundo zeLadovsky. Kwaye bobathathu bangabafundisi be-vhsutes, emva koko i-Moscow yoyilo lweZiko. Ke, iindlela ze-pedagogogy zaphuhliswa kwi-Asnov ubuncinci igcinwe ngokuyinxenye. Kwaye ukubona amagama ababhali bencwadi yesifundo, akunzima ukuqikelela ukuba ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kweLadovsky akuzange kuhlawulwe.
Ngelishwa, kwiminyaka emibini, ukudibana kwawo onke amalungu oluyilayo kuya kuqala kwisakhiwo esinye, esiya kujika sibe ngumbutho wemibutho yabasebenzi.
Okokugqibela, iiprojekthi ezimbini "zaziwa ngokusesikweni zeLadovsky - mhlawumbi ezona zityholo kwi-moscow metro.
- I-Pavilion "Isango elibomvu" - enyanisweni, ilitye lesikhumbuzo kwigama elifanayo legama elinye, lidiliwe yi-triumping yenkulungwane ye-xvii.
- Kwangelo xesha i-Arch ye-Arch yisalathiso ngqo kwi-classics, kwi-portal ethembisayo, kangangokuba iicawa zazibonisa iminyango neengcango zetempile.
I-portal "itsalela" ngaphakathi kwetempile, ibeka amandla anqongophayo. Njengomnyango we "Isango elibomvu" "abakhweli" abakhweli, ke iholo "iDzerzhissky" iyabakhokela phantsi komhlaba.
Umbono kaLadovsky, enyanisweni, uchasile ufakelo olusisiseko: Akufanelanga ukuba uvakale ukuba siphantsi komhlaba. I-Ladovsky iyayindisa le mvakalelo ye-tennel, ukubetha okungaphantsi komhlaba. Kwaye uphinde ubeke i-damics, imvakalelo yokuhamba kwayo ...
Ngelishwa, isiqwenga esincinci sahlala kule projekthi, esigciniweyo ngabom ngoochwephesha oqhutywa yisakhiwo esikhulu se-1970.
Oku ayisiyongxaki nje. Le yindlela eyahlukileyo yoyilo, esiya emsebenzini ukusuka kwifom, njengoko kubonwa ngumntu.
Ngendlela, e-Asnov, kwangaxeshanye, kwangaxeshanye, nokuba uKonstantin Melnikov, umntu othile, ongenabandakanyeke kuwo nawuphi na unxulumano kwaye akazange avume naluphi na unxulumano. Mhlawumbi kuba bajonga kakhulu? Omnye wamangalelwa "ngokusemthethweni."
Eneneni, ngokufanelekileyo. Iingcali zengqondo ezihlawule ingqalelo enkulu kwimisebenzi yokuqulunqwa, bahlala bezibiza ngokuba bazizo "." Kodwa kwi-20s, yatyalwa ngale ndlela, kunye nolunye uphawu kunesiqingatha sesibini sama-30s.
Kodwa kutheni i-Wikipedia inika ingxelo yokuba:
Ukuzimisela kwaziwa (kwaye kwamiliselwa) okubi kakhulu kunee-corcavism zanamhlanje?Njengoko sibona, kwakhiwa izityholo, kwaye zakha zonke iindawo zokuhlala. "Kubi kakhulu" kungabizwa ngokuba ngubani? Ngaba ayinguye uNikolay Ladovskyy?
Nguye nje ofundile abanye iminyaka emininzi, wakheke ngaphezulu kweeprojekthi ezintathu ezisetyenzisiweyo. Walungelelanisa iiMasters eziphumeleleyo kwixesha elizayo, amashumi eminyaka eyakha izinto esisaza kuzisebenzisa, kwaye ivuma.
Umbhali-Alexander Smirnov
Umthombo - Springzhizni.ru.