Olu luthando lwakho kwakhona: Sixela ezinye iindlela kubazali abakhoyo

Uninzi lweendlela zabazali zanamhlanje zinxulunyaniswa nethiyori yothando. Nangona kunjalo, le thiyori ayisiyiyo kuphela kwezo zadalwe zokuchaza nokulawula ubudlelwane nabazali bomntwana. Sixela ezinye iindlela ezikhoyo.

Ithiyori yokuncamathisela

Kodwa ke masiqale, masize siyifumane ngethiyori yothando. Siyibhale ngayo ngaphezulu kwesihlandlo esinye (umzekelo, apha kwaye apha), ke ukhumbule nje amanqaku amanqaku.

Umbhali wethiyori yokuncamathisela ithathwa njenge-Pedchistrist yaBantwana uJohn Bohlby. Ngexesha lemfazwe, wasebenza kwisibhedlele saseLondon, apho wayenokubukela khona ifuthe kunye nengqondo yomntwana, ukwahlukana nokuphulukana nabazali.

Emva kwexesha elincinci, i-Boybby yaqalisa ukusebenza no-MARICHOLOGISH lwengqondo yaseCanada, kwaye bobabini bakhuthaza umbono wokuba ukuntywila komntwana wakhe nomntwana wakhe kuyafuneka ukuze siphile.

Ubuntununtunu bukaMama, ingqalelo yakhe kumntwana, ukukwazi ukuqonda iimfuno zakhe kunye neemfuno zakhe kwaye kuyanelisa kuthathwa njengezixabisekileyo zethiyori yothando.

Inqanaba eliphantsi lovelwano, ukubandakanywa kunye nenkxaso evela kumama inika umntwana umqondiso wokuba ihlabathi elijikeleze yena libuthathaka, kwaye yena akakufanelanga uthando nokukhathalela.

Kwinkqubo-sikhokelo yethiyori, iindidi ezine eziphambili zeziqhotyoshelweyo zabelwe: ukuthembeka, ukukhohlisa, ukuthintela-ukwala. Olona hlobo lunamathela, olusenziwa phakathi komntwana kunye nomzali, kwixa elizayo luchaphazela isimo somntwana nabanye abantu, kunye naye.

Ithiyori yothando inike ifuthe elinamandla kwindlela yomzali- nguye ekufuneka sinombulelo ngokulala okungenantlonelo, ukondla kwimfuno kunye nelungelo lokunxiba umntwana ezandleni njengoko sifuna. Ukuthandwa kwethiyori yokuncamathisela kumazwe athile aseYurophu kuchaphazele ukwanda kwekhefu lokuya kubeleka kunye nemigangatho enconyelwa ngabantwana abahlukeneyo kubudala obahlukeneyo kwi-kindergarten.

Ewe kunjalo, ayisebenzi apha kwaye ngaphandle kokugxekwa. Amabango aphambili abahluthayo kukuba ukubekwa kothando olunamandla noluthembekileyo kunobutyebi obukhulu kwaye kufuna abazali ixesha elithile lemigudu kunye neendleko, ngesiphumo sokuba bazenzele ixesha lobuqu, iminqweno kunye namabhongo.

Iithiyori zothando zandulela kwaye zihamba kunye nezinye iindlela kubazali kunye nohlalutyo lobudlelwane babazali. Ngoku siza kukuxelela ngabo (okusesikweni ndifuna ukutyeba kakhulu ukuba ayizizo zonke iinkolelo ezinxulumene ngqo nabazali - ezinye zazo zinxulumene nokukhulisa indlela onokuthi uye kuyo yabantwana).

Ithiyori yokuba ngumzali

Ukuchuma kophando lwabantwana kunye nobudlelwane babazali kunye nokusekwa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo yeza kwisiqingatha senkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Oku akuthethi ukuba akukho mntu ucinga ngokuba ngumzali ngokubanzi - ngaphambi kokuba uninzi lweenkolelo zazisekwe kumava obuqu ababhali, iimeko zentlalo, iimfundiso zonqulo kunye nezenkolo. Zonke ziyantlukwano neethiyori zabazali, azisekelwanga kwidatha yesayensi, ibizwa ngokuba zii-incadentuestrodes okanye iithiyori.

Ke, umzekelo, kwiXesha Eliphakathi, umntwana wayebeka umntwana ukuba alale yayizizinto ezinxilisayo, okanye iziselo ezinxilisayo, ezakha ngokukhawuleza "zinqamle" umntwana.

Lo mzekelo ubonisa indlela indlela olwa ngayo umzali etshintshileyo ngeli xesha (ukuba unomdla kumzali ophakathi, ke sinezinto zonke ezahlukileyo kwesi sihloko).

Olunye uhlobo lokubonisa ubungqina bubudlelwane kwizohlwayo ngokwasemzimbeni. Iingcali zengqondo yase-Australia INewcomb ye-PeterCom kunye ne-Anthony Kish ngo-2015 ipapasha inqaku apho babeziintlobo ezili-10 zeendlela ezithethwayo ezithethelelayo ngenxa yokohlwaya abantwana. Ezi ndlela zisekwe kwiimbono ezimbini eziphambili: Inyaniso yokuba isohlwayo asinabungozi, kwaye eso isohlwayo siyimfuneko kwaye sisebenza. Abaphandi babiza ezi ndlela "zentsomi", kuba basilela ukufumana naluphi na ulwazelelo lwesayensi.

Ngokuphathelele iimfundiso zenkolo, nanku umzekelo oqaqambileyo wendlela yomzali kaPuritian kwi-Colonial America. Babeqinisekile ukuba abantwana kuqala bamela "ububi" kunye "nesono", kwaye ke umsebenzi wabazali makayekelele ebubini. "

Ithiyori yophuhliso lwengqondo yengqondo ye-freud

Umbhali wenye yeethiyori zokuqala zophuhliso lwabantwana yayingugqirha wengqondo yase-Austrian kunye ne-sigchoalyst fraud freud. Ngowe-1936, wamnika imfundiso uphuhliso psychosexual ubuntu, ngaphakathi apho elabelwe izigaba ezintlanu eziphambili: ngomlomo, ezimpundu, umphambili, Latent kunye zangasese. Njengenxalenye yethiyori yayo, i-freud icinge ukuba ukukhula komntwana kwenzeka ngokulandelelana.

Inqanaba ngalinye lithetha ukuba, ngokutsho kwengqondo, amandla omntu agxile kuyo.

Ngenxa yokulimala kwabantwana okanye ulwalamano olungenampilo nabazali, umntwana unokuqala "kwishedyuli yophuhliso lomntu wengqondo kwaye axhonywa kwinqanaba elithile, eliya kukhokelela kwiingxaki zengqondo kwixesha elizayo.

Ngaphandle kwesibakala sokuba izazinzulu kukho abo baxhasa ithiyori ye-freud, izifundo ezilandelayo babonisa ukungahambelani, kwaye uluntu lwezenzululwazi lwala ukuba lusetyenziswe ngokubanzi. Nangona kunjalo, imfundiso yengqondo yophuhliso lwengqondo yayiseluncedo: Uye wavula iminyango ukuba enze kwaye akhulise ezinye iingcango zesayensi ekuphuhliseni abantwana nolwalamano lwabazali.

I-Beacelezorism (Ithiyori yokuziphatha)

Ithiyori yocace ngohlobo, kunye nethiyori yothando, zibandakanya ithiyori ye-Bechelist yaBasikisha uJohn Watson. Iingcamango zikaWatson zisekwe kumsebenzi we-PAvlov (kweyona nto inezinja) kunye neTordANDYKA. Ngokoluvo lwakhe, umntwana unokuvalwa ngendlela egqibeleleyo, esebenzisa iindlela ezifanayo ezisetyenziswayo, umzekelo, xa uQeqesha izinja zoqeqesho.

UWatson wakhanyela ukuthatha inxaxheba kwamava angaphakathi, ukhetho kunye nohlalutyo kwinkqubo yokuqulunqwa kobuntu - wayekholelwa ukuba ngemali epheleleyo, kodwa nokuba namava eemvakalelo (nje Njengenja inokufundiswa ukuba iyeke i-romech xa ukukhanya kwebhalbhu).

Inzululwazi ithathelwe ingqalelo kuphuhliso 'lwe "up' oluchanekileyo" lwendlela echanekileyo yemeko yendlela yokusebenza yokwahlula iingxaki zengqondo, nokuba uloyiko okanye iintloni.

Ukwachasile ukubonakaliswa kokuthantamisa kunye nokukhathalela umntwana kumntwana, kuba wayesoyika ukuba kunokukhokelela ekukhuthazeni "ukukhubazeka." Ngamafutshane, ngokungafaniyo nethiyori yethiyori yokuncamathisela, uWatson wayeqinisekile ukuba umntwana unokwaphuka "yiphatheni".

Ngeminyaka yee-1930s, ithiyori ye-WAtson yaxhaswa ngomnye unolwazi-iSayensi-umsunguli we-radical of irrener skirner. USkereen waphikisa ngelithi ngoncedo lwempembelelo yempembelelo yangaphandle, hayi kuphela indlela yokuziphatha, kodwa neengcinga kunye neemvakalelo zabantu zinokuhlengahlengiswa.

Usutiner uqaphele ukuba umntu ufuna ukuphinda indlela yokuziphatha, ngenxa yokufumana umvuzo, kwaye ufuna ukuthintela ukuzimela, ngenxa yoko wafumana isivakalisi. Ukuqiniswa kunokubekwa kuzo zombini intlalo (umzekelo, ukudumisa) kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo (ipipi okanye intombazana entsha), kuyafana nokohlwaya.

Ithiyori yokufunda kwezentlalo

Enye ithiyori, okanye, olunye ukhokelo lwethiyori yokuziphatha yaphakanyiswa ngu-Albert bandara kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yimfundiso yokufunda kwezentlalo. Ngokuka-Bandiura, iiNgxelo zangaphambili ezigxile kwimiba ethile yomntu ngamnye wokuqulunqwa kobuntu bomntu (umzekelo, kuphela kwindawo yakhe (umzekelo, kuphela kwindalo yakhe kwaye kuphela kwindalo yangaphandle), ngelixa kufanelekile ukuba ithathele ingqalelo yonke into enzima: kwaye yangaphandle Indalo esingqongileyo, kunye nezinto zakho, kunye nenkuthazo yangaphakathi yomntu.

Ngokutsho kwethiyori yokufunda ekuhlaleni, umntu uyaqonda ukuba ezinye iindlela zilungile, kwaye zihlobo oluthile lokuziphatha, ezingasekelwa njengamava alo kuphela, kodwa nazo zibukele abanye.

Lo mntwana ulandela into eyenzekayo kwihlabathi elijikeleze yena, kwaye zeziphi iindlela zokuziphatha zamkelekile kuyo, kwaye hayi, esekwe koku, kwenza ukhetho lwakho lobuqu.

Ithiyori ye-bandara igxininisa ukubaluleka kwayo kuphela izenzo zabazali ezijolise ekwenzeni umntwana othile wokuziphatha, kodwa nakwinyani yokuba ayinakwenzeka ukulungisa indlela yokuziphatha Umntwana xa abazali bakhe bambonisa umzekelo wokutya).

Ithiyori yaseJamani 'Ukulwa kwakhona "

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ithiyori yencamathiselo idume kakhulu kwiYurophu yanamhlanje, yayingasoloko injalo. Umzekelo, ngexesha lamaNazi Jamani, abazali babambelela kwimfundiso yokuba "Ukulwa" kagqirha "ngugqirha kagqirha uJohana Hairr. Ngo-1934, uHarri obhale kwincwadi kwimfundo yabantwana "umama waseJamani kunye namazibulo akhe", ophethe izindululo ezininzi.

I-HARR HARD yayithi kwiiyure ezingama-24 zokuqala emva kokuzalwa komntwana, umntwana ufanele ahluleke abe ngunina aza afaka igumbi elilandelayo ukuze umama afumane kwakhona emva kokuba umntwana ekhuselekile, kwaye umntwana wakhuselwa kwiintsholongwane zangaphandle. Ukwahlula-hlula kufanelekile kuzo zonke iinyanga ezintathu zokuqala zobomi bomntwana-umama wavunyelwa ukuba atyelele kwimizobo engqongqo yokutya. Ukondliwa kwakufuneka kubandakanyekile ngaphezu kwemizuzu engama-20, emva koko umama ebengamshiyanga umntwana kwangoko - ngaphandle konxibelelwano, eCoress kunye nemidlalo. Ngokutsho kwe-harer, yayiyimfuneko ukuze enze urhulumente osusela ekuseni.

Ngokwethiyori kaHaran, iintsana zazisahleli "ngokungqongqo," kwaye azibonakalanga zizinto ezaneleyo zokwaziswa kunye nokuqiqa kwiinyanga zokuqala emva kokuziswa. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukukhala kwabantwana yayiyindlela yokwenza into.

Oomama bacetyiswa ukuba bangathatheni nabantwana ezandleni zabo, ukuba bangazola kwaye abayi kuzisola ngokokungakhuleli kwikamva 'kuxinzelelo oluncinci. "

Zonke ezi ngcebiso zazijolise ekukhuleni kwabantwana bamalungu oluntu anoxanduva kunye namalungu axabisekileyo-yiyo loo nto abantwana ngokweentsuku zokuqala kwakufuneka bazive uninzi loluntu kwaye bafundele ukubeka iimfuno zabo zentlalo.

Zonke iingqondo ezidwelisiweyo ziyinxalenye encinci yento ephuhliswe ziinzululwazi kwiminyaka elikhulu yokugqibela kwimizuzu edlulileyo kwimizamo echaphazela imfundo yomntwana.

I-classical kwaye ekhokelele kwi-Western Western West yaseNtshona Kade Okwexesha kwiithiyori ezimbini ziqwalaselwa: Ithiyori yokuncamathisela kunye nethiyori yokufunda kwezentlalo. Ngabo bonke abantu bachaphazela ezo zisombululo ukuba abazali bamkelwe kwinkqubo yokukhulisa abantwana. Ewe kunjalo, enye nenye indlela inamandla kunye nobuthathaka babo, kwaye ke kucacile ukuba kuthetha ukuba ezinye iithiyori zamkelekile, akunakwenzeka.

Mhlawumbi, eyona ndlela ilungileyo iya kuba yile nto inyuliweyo yabazali, esekwe kubuchule babo, izinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka, kunye neempawu zomntwana ngamnye, kunye nemali mboleko yedatha yesayensi (nalapha, ndinokukhumbuza ukuba Akukho zibakala ziqinisekileyo zesayensi ezinokuqinisekisa isibonelelo okanye ukhuseleko lobundlobongela obenziwa ngabantwana, kodwa iinyani ziyangqina ingozi nengozi-phaya). Ukongeza kwiithiyori kunye neendlela zomzali, kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zabazali - babhala ngokweenkcukacha apha.

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