Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, i-Epoch yomgaqo-nkqubo omkhulu yaqala. Iqela lalilwelela abavoti bazo, ukuhambisa iindlela zabo zokusombulula iingxaki. Umhlaba wahlulahlulwa waba yimbonakalo. Rhoqo, abanye ababhali-mbali bayahlekisa ukuba yayiyimeko yokubandakanya "i-Izmov": Ukusuka kubuKomanisi ukuya kwimbali yaseYurophu, ekhokelela ekumiselweni kwesona sakhiwo sokuqala sobuzwilakhe. Kweli nqaku siza kuhlalutya oko kuyinto ebuscism nokuba kutheni evele e-Itali.
Kutheni i-Itali?
Ngo-1919, kwakudala lentatheli yembono yentlalontle esekwe eMilan "Imanyano yaseMilan" - "Fascio di Gandatto". Ke igama elithi "starcism" laqhekeka kwisichazi-magama sepolitiki yase-Italiya. Yayisetyenziswa ngaphambili, kodwa kuphela ngoku eli gunya lezopolitiko lazalela amandla. Ubukumkani base-Italiya babuzalwa kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19. AmaTaliyane ebengekabunjwe ngokupheleleyo njengohlanga, ukuba balukhumbuza ooyihlo kumaRoma amakhulu kwi-hautritifis. Ilizwe lalifuna ukubuyisela "indawo phantsi kwelanga", oko kuthetha ukuba lonke iYurophu, balungiselela imfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala. Okokuqala-kwicala lamaJamani ne-Austria baseJamani, kwaye ukusuka ngo-1915 - ecaleni kwe-entete (eNgilani, iFrance neRussia).
Ngo-1918, iphelile imfazwe, kodwa yazisa abantu base-Itali abantu base-Italiyane: Izigidi zabantu zafa okanye zafumana ukulimala kwabantu, kwiindawo ezithile zelizwe, iifektri zahlala. Kwanale mimandla intsha engawafumananga amaTaliyane. U-Aitay wayephakathi kwabo baphumeleleyo, kodwa wayengathi woyisiwe. Kwimeko yokuwa kwezoqoqosho, abantu bathanda ukukholelwa popurism, baphelelwe lithemba ukuba abantu bahlukane. Kwimeko ye-Itali - ukuya "ekunene" ezigqithileyo, kwingqondo yezopolitiko. I-Benito Musonini kunye ne-Dreito Mussonsini kunye neDruzhina "zanyusa amaTaliyane indlela enkulu kakhulu kuye. "I-Fascio" - yayithetha "i-beam", umanyano olufuna ukufezekisa, ukuze ama-Akalia aphinda abe bukumkani baseMeditera, njengakwindlela kaKesare okanye uAktavia. Kwaye apho ubukhulu buya kuba yimpumelelo yezoqoqosho. Vumelana, ukuhendela izandi, ngakumbi xa waphoxeka kwiinjongo zakudala.
Imvelaphi kunye namalungiselelo aphambili okuthandana
Umbhali-mbali we-American Deeme Peee ukholelwa ukuba omnye wemithombo yengqondo yemibono ye-Fascism yintlalontle. Wasekwa emva kokuba ezinye zezentlalontle zithwaxwa ziimvo zeDarwin kwintlalontle. Ukuba imfutshane, imibutho ikwaxhomekeke ekukhetheni kwendalo, bayasinda kwezona ndawo zinamandla. Kwaye ukuba umbutho ophambili woluntu ngurhulumente, kuthetha ukuba kufuneka bakhusele abantu babo.
Entlokweni yombuso onjalo, kufanele kubekho inkokeli eyomeleleyo kwaye igunyazisiweyo "i-superhuman", okanye njengoko ii-starcist zathi- "Duch". Nantsi iskimu esimfutshane sembono ye-starcist kumzekelo wentlalo: "Inkokeli eyomeleleyo - ilizwe elinamandla-isizwe esiqinileyo. ) kunye neMonarchism (e-Italy ComIng King). Kwakuyimfuneko ukukhangela imodeli entsha yezopolitiko kunye namagcisa athandana nabo. Ngo-1926, omnye wabahlobo kunye nemibono ye-musson yapapasha incwadi ethi "ezisisiseko zeqela leqela. Ngo-1932, "i-Duchess" ipapasha "imfundiso yobuscism." Nazi izimvo eziphambili zamaFasi:
- Isizwe kunye nombuso lelona xabiso liphezulu.
- Ukukhusela isizwe, urhulumente kufuneka abe namandla ebanzi.
- Kufuneka kubekho ulawulo oluhlangeneyo kuyo yonke into, ubuntu abukwazi ukusinda.
- Inkqubo yeMibono yobuchule (ireferensi kwizimvo zikaHitler) ziphambuka. Kodwa urhulumente unyanzelekile ukuba akhusele isizwe esivela "kwabanye". Kungoko ivaliwe kwimitshato exubeneyo kwiminyaka ye-1930s.
Abaxhasi bokuqala baseBenito baba nguMkhosi, baphoxeka ziinjongo zobuntwana, bebukele ukusweleka kwabahlobo noogxa bakhe ngaphambili. Imikhosi ye-missuni yabizwa ngokuba yi "Blackrruds." Ukukhetha kombala akuyongozi: Ukuhlonipha ukulila kwabantu abafileyo kunye nemibono. I-Ultra Akunene inike "umhlaba ogqibeleleyo."
Ngubani le ntaito ye-beniti
Kude kube ngo-19119, wabandakanya iqela lentlalontle lase-Itali. I-Irany yeMbali: I-Italian "ishiywe" ime kwimvelaphi yentshukumo yaseYurophu yaseYurophu. Ngexesha leminyaka yemfazwe, wafudukela eSwitzerland ukuphepha ukubiza. Kodwa ekupheleni kwemfazwe, waqala ukuphoxeka kwimbutho, kuba kukho iklasi kwindawo yokuqala, hayi isizwe. I-mussomini yayiyimibono yobuqili kunye neminye imibono yasekhohlo. I-Benito ngo-1919 idityaniswe nezimvo zobuzwe obuqinileyo, i-corervatism kunye ne-darvinism yentlalo. Ukusebenza kwiimpapasho ezahlukeneyo, wafunda ukusingatha ngokufanelekileyo igama elithi kwixesha elizayo akumncedileyo kuye.
Kwiingcamango ukuya kumandla
Ngo-1921, "umanyano lokulwa" yaba liqela likaZwelonke. Okokuqala ngqa babhengeze amabango. Ngonyulo, kwakungekho ndawo ePalamente, emva koko i-musonni yasongelwa e-Kiktor Emkhuluuil III ngeMfazwe yaseRoma, ingakumbi ukusukela i-bitatdo kwiindawo ezinobunzima. Ukumkani wandenza, amaBanga angama-Fascist afumana amasekela. Ngo-1924, uninzi lweendawo luhlala kwii-Masccist kunyulo. Kwangelo xesha, iMatatist yaseMatati yathetha nokugxekwa kwamaFasi. Kungekudala wabulawa yiMirninini Militants. Ingcinezelo yezopolitiko yaqala elizweni, inkcaso yapheliswa. Amapolisa amfihlakeleyo ayenziwa, kwaye i-propaganda ye-Fascist yaqala kwilizwe lonke. Ngo-1929, ama-Atali wavota kwi-Pebiscite ngenxa yokuba banokuba neqela elinye kuphela. Ekugqibeleni i-Itali yayingumntu ongumko.
Iziphumo zembonakalo yobuFasi
Kufanele ukukhunjulwa ukuba le yimbono yokuziphindezela. Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokubuyisa imeko yakho kukuqalisa imfazwe entsha. Imfazwe enye yehlabathi yayilukhuni. Iphuma, imbonakalo yobuscism sesinye sezizathu zeMfazwe Yehlabathi II. I-Musloline yaphukile ukuthandwa kweengcinga ze-ultra. I-Hitler yonke i-1920s yayifakelwa nguDistor wase-Itali, kodwa xa imeko yabo ilingayo, izamile ukuyifihla. I-Führe idibanisa imibono "yokufa" phantsi kwabantu baseJamani, eyenza imfundiso yobuhlanga, ikhokelele kwi-golocacial, i-gesis, i-Ghetto kunye nolunye uhlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-Nazi lwe Inkulungwane yamashumi amabini ikhokelela kwinto yokuba kule nkulungwane silibiza ngokuba yigazi.