I-Don Cossack kunye ne-Ataman Stan Stan i-razin bangenisa ibali njenge-rezingler kunye nentloko yemfazwe yemfazwe efakwe eRussia ngo-1670-1671. Kubantu abaninzi, igama lakhe linxulunyaniswa nohlaselo lwe-pharber nomonakalo. Imvukelo ephantsi kobunkokeli bodonga lweRazin yaba yinto ebuhlungu negazi lembali yaseRussia.
Ngaphandle koku, ubuntu bomnawa akufuneki bujongwe kuphela phantsi kwe-engile enjalo - wayengafikanga ubukhulu becala kunye nobubanzi bomphefumlo. Kunokubizwa ngokufanelekileyo ngumphathi obalaseleyo, owaba ngu "Bawo" wayo yonke into engalunganga. Lwayiseyintoni indlela yobomi ye-stenan razin? Yintoni eyaziwayo ngalo mntu uchasene nalowo unengxaki?
Iminyaka Yakuqala
I-Stenan Timofeevich razin yazalwa nge-1630 kwintsapho ye-cossack. Njengoko le ntsomi ithi ngaye, umama uRazin wayengumntu ongumKrestu othinjiweyo, nangona le nyaniso ayiqinisekiswanga. Utata kaMama wase-Natana wayengu-voronezh, kunye nezizathu zokuhlaselwa kwakhona kwi-Don, njengabanye abantu abaqhelekileyo, belambile kunye nokunganamandla kwamandla.
Ukuba yi-cossack, iTimophicoy yafumana indlu kunye noqoqosho olukhulu, yaba ngomnye wabameli abahlonitshwayo. Wathatha inxaxheba phantse yonke imikhankaso yaseMkhosi ngokubeka uthando lwenkululeko kunye nenkalipho koonyana bakhe - ivan, intamo kunye ne-runlu.
Inani leenguqu kunye nenguqu kwe-Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich yaphuma yaba ngumthwalo onganyamezekiyo wabafakeli kunye ne-cossacks. Ngo-1649, "umyalezo wekati" watyikitywa, owawusanda isikhundla seSers. Esi yayingunobangela wokungoneliseki ebantwini, ukuvusa abantu ukuba banganikezeli.
Apho, abalingane baba "bad", i-cossacks yasimahla ngaphandle kwepropathi. Amagqabi adityaniswa kwi-taxication, ahlala ephange, kwaye okwangoku, inani lezindlu ezinjalo-cossack lakhula. Owona mbutho mkhulu waba yi-don kunye ne-vieky cossacks.
Unobangela woMphakamo
Kwimithombo yembali ye-1652, sele iqatshelwe ukuba i-Stensor Shinor yaba ngu-Ataman, ehlala ixhasa "i-golutbi". Sele ke emphefumlweni wakhe, umsindo kubameli babasemagunyeni, owawuthathwa njengontwini ngamakhoboka angenamandla. Nangona kunjalo, indawo yokutshintsha yayiyintlekele ye-1665. Umninawa wakhe uIvan wayephethe umkhosi kwinkampani yaseRussia-Polish Yuri Dolgorukoruki.
I-cossack yagqiba ekubeni ishiye idabi le-Belffield, elalingakhuliswa ngabameli be-cossacks yasimahla. Nangona kunjalo, imfazwe iyalele ukuba ibambe ivan kunye neqela lakhe, laza laza laza laza laza laza laza laza lagwetywa ngabahlangi, emva koko wabulawa. Ukulahleka umntakwabo kunye namaqabane amaninzi, i-razin yaqonda ukuba ufuna ukulwa nabo baphosa izinto ezinjalo.
I-Stenan Timofeevich igqibe kwelokuba iphumeze inani leenyawo zasemkhosini, kubandakanya i-moscow. Ngempumelelo ithatha inani lezixeko, i-stenan ebizwa ngokuba ngabantu ukuba bajoyine abakhulayo. Abantu abalula, abahlali abahlelelekileyo bamgqala ngenkokeli yabo, bakholwa ngamazwi onke.
Umphambukeli uYakobi. Uloo, obone intetho kaRazin eAstrakhakhan, wabhala ukuba i-Stench yatsho oku kulandelayo:
"Andizukunyanzela amandla, kwaye nabani na ofuna ukuba nam - uya kuba yindawo yokukhululeka yasimahla! Ndiye ndabetha kuphela abafana nabaziintokazi ezityebileyo, nabangamahlwempu, bangenanto, njengomzalwana.
Amandla ane-razin
Kwaye yayinjalo ngokwenene. Kodwa yintoni imfihlo yempumelelo yomtya wemvula? Iimpawu zakhe zokuzalwa zazicinyiwe kwaye i-ingexanal, eyanceda kwiMicimbi yezasemkhosini. Ukongeza, uRazin unetalente yokuzalelwa, eyamncedayo ukuba acombulule kwaye olona thetha-nye lunzima lubalulekile kwindlela athanda ngayo. Ukwazile ukuvisisana nabantu abancinci bommandla weVolga, oxhaswe ngabavukeli.
Elona nqanaba libalulekileyo lokulungiselela ukuvutha yayibizwa ngokuba "yi-hikike emva kwe-zufin yenkxaso kwaye yandinika amandla e-Russian thys, zakwazi Ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso sokuthengisa ngaphezulu. Ukuphakanyiswa kunye nobuqili ngendlela encomekayo kwanceda ukwanda kwasetani. Nangona kunjalo, umahluko awufunyanwa kungekuphela nje iimpawu ezicekeceke.
Kwileta engaziwayo kwinqanawa "Orel", eyayimi kufutshane ne-Astrikhakhan, yaqatshelwa:
"Indoda inoburhalarhume kwaye yayikrwada, ngakumbi kwimo enxilisayo: Okona kolona lonwabo lufumana entlokweni yabangaphantsi kwakhe abayalela ukuba banxibe izandla entlokweni yakhe kwaye baphose emlanjeni."Kufanelekile ukukhankanya malunga nesiqephu esidumileyo esichazwe kwingoma ethi "ngenxa yesiqithi kwiStrazhen", eyenzekile phantsi kuka-Astrakhankhan. Inkohlakalo ye-Stenan I-razin ibalisa i-Persian ne-Iran Folklore, igcinwe kude kube semini.
Ukulungiselela ukuKhanya
Isimo sengqondo esinempikiswano kunye nenkohlakalo yeRazin engazange iphazamisi, ifumane amaqabane amaninzi. Abangakhathali kuphela kwaye abantu abahlelelekileyo babantu sele beluleke kwiAtaman edumileyo.Amavolontiya akwi-Trazin Abenzo yeRazin ngoku ahlala evelisiwe ngabantu, amagcisa, abarhwebi. Imikhosi ye-Cossack yayingabantu abadala abakhulileyo abangonelisekanga kukuthintelwa kwecawa yecawa yecawa nikon. I-razin exhaswayo kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo zoMmandla weVolga - Mordva, Tetares, Chuvashi, Mari.
Kunyaka nje, imikhosi kaRazin ifumene amandla amakhulu. Kwaye ukuba ekuqaleni "hike emva kwe-zupinov" i-chipin ihambe namakhulu amathandathu ama-cossacks, ngoku okungenani abantu abangamawaka angama-20 bequka.
Ngo-1670, iRazin sele ilungiselele umkhosi wakhe kwiphulo eliphambili - eMoscow. Waqalisa ibrumor, ngokungathi yinkampu yakhe, uAlexey Alekseevich Alexey, indlalifa elisemthethweni kwitrone leyo, eyathi ifile. Ngapha koko, i-Tharevich incinci i-Tsarevich yafa ngenene ukugula, kodwa ayizange ithintele abakhohlisi ukuba basebenzise igama lakhe.
Okwesibini ukuthatha i-astrakhakhan
URazin waphinda waqhubela phambili kwiVolga, kodwa ngoku uninzi luye lwanikela kuye ngaphandle komlo. Ukusekwa eTsaritsatotsyn, i-russolettie, phantsi kobunkokeli besibindi sakhe, seka-Astrakhakhan. Iharile, ngubani owayengafuni ukunika inqaba kubarholi, waphinda waphinda wabuyela eludongeni lwesixeko. Abavukeli balungiselele ukuntywila, okwaqhubeka nasemva kokukhathalelwa kweRazin e-Astrakhakhan. Inkangeleko yakhe yesibini kulo mzi awuyi kuba ligazi elincinci ngakumbi kuneyokuqala.
UDavid Butet, owayese-Astrakin ngelo xesha, wakhumbula isixeko esithabatha ngeenqanawa:
"I-9th ibambelele kwi-Hook ecaleni kuka-Alexey Alekseevich kwaye wamnika kunye nonyana kaGilinsky Khan kwiPole, apho bafa ngeentsuku ezimbalwa kamva. Emva koko eludongeni lweKremlin, waxhonywa emilenzeni yoonyana ababini kwirhuluneli ... ngosuku olulandelayo waxhuzulwa, yaye umdala waphoswa kwinqaba ende, eye iwele kuye iintsuku ezimbalwa . "
Ukujamelana nawayakhi
Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwempumelelo yeRazin, ukumkani waqonda ukuba kuyingozi kangakanani na lo mntu kunye nabo bakulungele ukuhamba ngayo emva kwakhe. Imikhosi ebonakalayo yemikhosi yasebukhosini yaphoswa ekucinezelweni kwemvukelo. Ukuyekisa "Abavukeli kunye namasela", Alexey Mikhailovich athumele iVoevod Y. Dolgrbatova kunye ne-Y
U-Yuri Baryotinsky waqala ukuya eKazan, ongafuni ukunika ithuba lamajoni razin ukuba aqhubeke. Ngaphandle kwenzame zokuzama ukugqobhoza i-Deatications, amabhodlo akuphumelelanga ukufezekisa injongo yabo. Ngoku babanjiswa.
Isithuba sokuqala salwa ngenkalipho ngaphandle kokuqaqambisa amanxeba kunye nentlungu. Kwiimfazwe eziphantsi kweSymbairsky, wafumana ukwenzakala kakhulu. Phezu kwayo nje intloko echithwayo kunye nelahleko yexesha lokwazi, i-razin yaqhubeka ilwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngoku i-imeyile, eyayihlala inceda uAtaman, waba zizixhobo zomchasi wakhe.
U-Yuri Baryatinsky ubuqili bathatha abavukeli ababekho ngokude. Wayalela ukuba ibe yinto encinci yokuwela unxweme oluchasene nonxweme lwe-Sviyagi kwaye yadanduluka kakhulu ukusuka apho. Ukuthatha isigqibo sokuba le fihlakele kwimikhosi ye-Tsarist, i-razin yangqawule kwaoko kwi-don, apho wayeceba ukuthatha inxaxheba entsha ukuze ancede amaqabane amatsha.
Ukoyisa abavukeli
Ukushiya abahlobo bakhe kwi-Symbarsk, iRazin kwaye ucinge ukuba, luhlobo luni lwesiphelo kwaye lufumane. Ngaphandle kwakhe i-Ataman yakhe kunye nekhuthazo, umkhosi we-cossack-peassack wajika wabuthathaka kwaye akanyanzelwa. UYuritatatinsky walandela imvukelo, waqhekezwa phantsi kweArzamas, wadanduluka kakhulu.
Elinye lamagosa asemzini wabhala kwidayari yakhe:
"Kuyakothusa ukujonga eArzamas: Amadlelo akhe ayebonakala esihogweni: Naphi na apho babemi khona i-Gallows kwaye baxhoma isidumbu se-40 ne-50 kuyo yonke indawo; Kwakukho iintloko ezisasazeke kwaye zatshaya igazi elililo; Izibonda zazinamathela ngaphandle, apho izaphuli-mthetho zibandezeleka kwaye zihlala ziphila kangangeentsuku ezintathu, zinengxaki yokubandezeleka. Ukuqhubeka kwezi nyanga zintathu, abantu abayi-11 babulawa. "
Imvula yefilimu
Kodwa yintoni ishumi? Ngeli xesha, uRazin wazama ukufaka inkxaso ye-don cossacks. Nanga abameli be-domain abangabathengisi abathanda ukuba bafumane i-punishers ukuba baguqukele kwi-Don.
Kwanotata oLawulayo, uKorniziy Yakovving, oxhasayo kuqala u-Ataman, wayengafuni ukunamathela kumazwe akhe. Uninzi lwamaqabane angaphambili alunatha. Nangona kunjalo, phantse kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva, kwahlala iRazin kunye namaqela akhe kwidolophu yaseKagalnitsi.
Ngaphandle kokuzola kwangaphandle, iidosi ezingabanjiswayo zazikrokrela. I-Cossacks yaqonda ukuba umahluko obekufuphi naye ngokuqinisekileyo wayeya kuba sisizathu sokubonakala kwemikhosi yasebukhosini, kwaye olu luloyiko lwabo luphambili. Nge-14 ka-Epreli, ngo-1671, ukuchitheka okuncinci kweendawo zengingqi ezihlasele i-Kagasnik, emva koko eso sixeko sasivutha umlilo.
Phantse konke ukuntywila kwe-comrades kwabulawa, kwaye indlu awayeyinyanga apho wayeziinyanga ezimbalwa, idangatye. Ukunganyangeki kwethemba akuzange kuncede i-Ataman kwingxabano. I-razin yeshumi emva kokuba ithathwe njengabakhi bayo, kwaye umntakwabo omncinci utywe wabanjwa kungekudala.
I-casseunger Ataman
Bangaphezu kwamakhulu amabini abantu basiwa kwi-moscow ekuthinjweni. UFrol wangena kwaye watyholwa ngokuxinezela umntakwabo wakhe omdala, uStenan akazange avume: "Akukho ngxaki! Siya kukrwada ukrwada; Owona makhulu makhulu uya kudibana nathi. " I-Cossacks yokuthinjwa kwenkokeli yeBuntovchikov kunye nomntakwabo bafumana imbali engathethekiyo, eyayinemonka eninzi yesonka newayini, i-150 yeepawundi zomgudu kwaye zikhokelele.
Entolongweni, uRazin watshutshiswa ixesha elide, kodwa kwanaxa i-cossack yentuthumbo yabonisa inkalipho kunye nokuqina. I-Diplomat Jatat Fiettfuls yabhala malunga neRazin:
"Umzimba wakhe sele ulilolisiwe, ngoko ke ukubetha kwe-whephu kuwa phezu kwamathambo, kwaye ke akabakhathali, kodwa engazange anyibilikiswe, kodwa engagungqiyo, engagungqiyo, engabi nzima , kwi-stock. "
Phezu kwako konke ukungcungcuthekiswa kwazo zonke izinto ezaphukethwayo, intuthumbo kunye nentiyo, eyayixhotyisiwe ngamagosa aseburhulumente, wayengalindelekanga kwasekupheleni. Njengoko abaniki-bibi baxela, ukwisekufane ngokuphindaphindiweyo umntakwabo ukuba ityala labo baza kuqalisa kubo ngokuqinisekileyo baya kukhokelela kwisiphelo esifanayo - nokuba yimpumelelo enkulu. Andithandabuzeki elokuba ndingowesithuna, ngokungafaniyo ne-flol, ndiyayazi kakuhle ingozi yesimo sakhe sexesha loloyiso.
Nge-6 kaJuni, 1671, ukubulawa kwe-razin yethutyana yenzeka kwisikwere esibomvu. Iziganeko zosuku zichaziwe ngokuchaza kakhulu kwileta ye-English Hebdon:
"Esi sifo siye sagcina udidi lwakhe lokudideka ngalo lonke ixesha kwaye, njengoko lalibonakala, lalisoyikwa ekufeni konke ... Abanye bethu bade basasazwa ngegazi. Ekuqaleni wanqumla izandla zakhe, emva koko imilenze yakhe, ekugqibeleni, intloko. La macandelo amahlanu omzimba atyale iimpahla ezintlanu. Ukutyibilika kwaphoswa ngokuhlwa. "Njengoko le ntsomi ithi, ngexesha lokubulawa ngokwayo, xa ishumi elinesibini lalinezandla, umntakwabo, wayengayiboni, esithi: "Ndiyawazi urhulumente kunye nombuso wombuso!". Olunjani lona umtya wokuphendula uthi cwaka ngenzondelelo: "Ukuthula, inja!" Njengokuba ibingamagama akhe okugqibela.
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba izibonda ezinamalungu omzimba we-razin waselwandle zaziseMoscow, le ndoda yaqhubeka uloyiko. Kwanasemva kokuba efile, wahlala enamandla kwaye woyikeka kwabasemagunyeni. Imvukelo yakhe yayiyingozi ngenxa yokuziphilisa kunye nenqanaba eliphantsi lombutho, ukunqongophala kweenjongo ezithile kunye nentswela-sibi yezenzo zabavukeli.
Ngaphandle koku, isahluko awaqhubeka nokwahlula iingqondo zabantu. Kuyo, inkohlakalo engathandekiyo, ubukhulu bokwenyani, izimvo eziphezulu kunye neenkanuko ezingcwele ezisezantsi zaziqhele. Kodwa eyona nto iphambili - wayethembekile ngokupheleleyo kwimeko, izimvo zakhe, ukuba akwazi ukwaliwa ngubani awayengazange afe.