Kukho iindlela ezininzi zesakhiwo. Nangona kunjalo, nganye yemijelo ezalandelayo ayizange ivimbe into eyayingaphambi kwakhe. Xa usenza indalo yakhe, indawo yakhe yoyilo isoloko ijolise emsebenzini wamanduli kwaye wazisa into entsha, ngenxa yokuba izalwe ezazalwa izakhiwo.
Thina e-Adme.ru senze isigqibo sokuqaqambisa izitayile ezi-6 ezineempembelelo ezinkulu kuphuhliso olulandelayo loyilo. Kwaye ngaphakathi kwabo ngamnye wabo, bathetha ngeendawo, ezinokuthi zithathele ingqalelo, ziqwalasele uyilo lwehlabathi xa liphela.
Gothic
Isitayile seGothic sivela eFrance embindini we-XII. Isampuli yale uyilo ithathelwa ingqalelo ikakhulu lecawa yeParis Unina kaThixo. Enye yezona mpumelelo ziphambili kweli xesha zinxulunyaniswa nokuphuculwa kwesakhiwo sokwakha: Isahlulo sesahlulo saqala ukusetyenziswa, esiwunciphisa umthwalo eludongeni ngokuququzelela ii-aches. Kwisitayile se-Gothic, amanqaku anjalo abonakaliswa njengokufunyanwa kwe-upstream, intabalala yeenkcukacha zokuhombisa (ngakumbi kwi-gothic "ye-gothic"), i-gothic ". I-purle ithathelwa ingqalelo ukuba ngumbala we-Gothic, ibomvu kwaye iblowu kuyo (izinto ezimfusa) ziyimpawu zobunye bomhlaba nomhlaba wasezulwini. Ewe, ezi mithunzi zahlulahlulwa ngamanqanaba kaGothic.
Caparyral ye-parisi yaseParisi yaseParisi yaseParis (iFrance).
I-Gothic esemgangathweni inokwahlulwa ibe ngumazantsi (eSpain, e-Itali, i-Hitzerland, i-Haniciania, i-Czech, i-Czech yaseCzech - i-CAXIT NOBUCHULE) . Ukuba izakhiwo ezifanelekileyo zoMzantsi Afrika zenziwa kwizinto ezithandekayo, ezinokukhululeka, zinokwenzeka ukuba zenze imisonto emihle, emva koko kwakhiwe i-nnatitis ye-Bricks (njl. Ngenxa yoku, ukubonakala kwezakhiwo ze-chanseatic kwakunengxaki enkulu kakhulu kwaye inzima, izakhiwo zazibonakala zithozamileyo kwaye zincinci.
NdandiseFinland naseLithuania, eSpain nase-Itali, ndabona izakhiwo zeGotic apho. Ewe, emazantsi naseGothic gothic bahluke kakhulu komnye nomnye, kodwa kusekho into exhaphakileyo. Alexander
Ikati yeTurku neCawa yeStkruda.
I-milan kunye ne-tlelesky castrals.
Renaissance
Uyilo lweRenaissance, okanye ukubuyela kwakhona, kuvela e-Itali ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XV. Iphawuleka ngokulinganayo, ukuthotyelwa kwenani kunye nokuhlobisa kwe-tramim. Kungumntu ukwaba amaxesha ama-3:
- Ukuzalwa ngokutsha (iQuatroheto). Izakhiwo ezininzi ezakhiwe ngeli xesha zinxulumene nolwakhiwo lwaseburhulumenteni. Zibonakaliswa ngobukhulu becala lobufazi, ngokufuthi iithayile ziphathwa nge-runust (ilitye eliyinyani). IZiko leQueldrocherto yayiliFlorence.
- Ivuselelo ephezulu. Eli xesha lazibonakalisa ngokuyintloko kwizixhobo zaseRoma. Bahlulahlulahlula ilungelo lokulingana, kunye nedome phakathi (kumaziko enkolo). Ngokungafaniyo nezakhiwo zokuzalwa ngokutsha, izakhiwo eziphakamileyo zokuzalwa ngokutsha ziqala ukuhlola iinkcukacha zokuhombisa.
- Ngexesha lokuvuselelwa kade, umhlobiso wezakhiwo uya usibakala, iithayile zihlala zihonjiswe ngemifanekiso eqingqiweyo, kunye neekholamu, ikholamu ye-semi, i-semilms kunye ne-pilaasters zizalisa indawo.
Ixesha lokuhlaziywa libizwa ngokuba yimbala, kuba lalilixesha lokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwe-jalica, izitena ezigxekayo kunye ne-terracotta yaqala.
Indlu yemfundo (uFlorence), itempile (iRoma) kunye neRotonda i-rotonda i (Vingela).
Emantla ee-ALPs ngaphandle kwe-Itali yayinengxaki yalo engasentla. Izakhiwo zeRenaissing eFrance kwifom zikhunjuzwa ngamacandelo ase-Itali, kodwa zimbalwa kakhulu izakhiwo zenkolo ezenziwe kwesi sitayile, zijolise ikakhulu kwiinqaba kunye neebhotwe. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-Renaissance ye-Renaissance zithathwa njengezicwangciso-qhinga, eyona nto iphambili kuyo kukusetyenziswa okuninzi kwezihomba.
I-Callle Shambor kunye neCawa yaseSan Pablo.
Makungabikho mhle, kodwa umyili weRenaissance wathatha indawo yayo kwiRiphabliki yaseCzech. Ukusuka kwiYilo yase-Itali, bathabatha kuphela iinkcukacha zokudengelwa, ngakumbi, bazihombisa ngenkani. Uninzi lwezakhiwo ikakhulu zakhiwa ngokungqinelana nezithethe zakwamantla. Ke, umzekelo, iintloko zezindlu ezininzi zihonjiswe ngamafutha amdaka ngokwemvelo (isitofu). I-Arhente yaseJamani yoyilo lwezakhiwo kumoya weRenaissance waphefumlelwa yindalo kunye neengcali zazo kunye namagcisa. Kwezinye izixeko zaseJamani, isitayile esikhethekileyo saphuhliswa - "Ukubuyiswa kwemozulu", nto leyo ebizwa ngokuba idityaniswe iimbonakalo zendawo yomhlaba nase-Italian Renaissance. Ikwabonakaliswa yimilenze enyukayo kunye nentabalala ye-ERKER BLOCKIS (le yinxalenye ejonge inqwelo moya ye-faede, ngokupheleleyo okanye igqityiwe ngokupheleleyo).
I-Schwarzenberzenberg ibhotwe nendlu yeLista.
Baroque
Embindini we-xvi yenkulungwane, isitayile seBaroque sathatha indawo yokuvuselelwa (kwi-. Nge-ITAL. - "FREAKY"). Ngeli xesha, indawo yokuqala yoyilo yokuqala yaqalisa ukunikela ingqalelo kwindlela ukukhanya okuvela kwizinto zabo kuya kubonakala ngayo, indlela awe ngayo isithunzi. Ukuba iRenaissance Africation inomgca, ngokusekwe kwi-geometri kunye ne-Logic, emva koko i-Baroque Crances ithande ukupeyinta kwabo (i-Decor engathethekiyo) kunye nokuzonwabisa. Isitayile sivela e-Itali. Ngokwexesha lokwahlulahlula phakathi ekuqaleni (ukuphela kwe-XVI-ukuqala kwenkulungwane ye-XVII) kunye nokukhula (i-Xvisi yeXvii - i-Baroqui. Ukuba kuqala iinkosi zilumkile kwi-DECOR, emva koko zinike ngaphezulu. Isampuli ekhanyayo yoyilo ye-Baroquite ye-Baroque - i-St. Capedorral kaPeter eRoma, emva kwexesha - uBasilica San Giovanni-in-Retharino.
Ndiyayiqonda i-baroque kwi-repelting ephindaphindayo yecandelo elinye (umzekelo, iikholamu ezimbini), iifestile ezimbini), iifestile kunye neengcango, ubungakanani bokungaphezulu kokukhula komntu, kunye ne-viemental Decor.ühl
I-St. Cat'dhidral's Paredral (iRoma) kunye ne-basilica San Giovanni-in-Remerano (iRoma).
ENgilani, uBaroghko akazange axhaphake, kodwa bambalwa abayilo abasakufunyanwa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ze-barroe khokelwa zizithethe zase-Itali. I-Baroque yokuqala e-Austria yafumana impembelelo enamandla ye-Arhentes yase-Itali, kodwa kwisithuba se-baroque sabakho iimpawu zazo. Umzekelo, kwiziseko ezininzi zelo xesha, umkhosi ophakathi wokunyuka (inxenye yesakhiwo, iphuma kumgca wefaide), yabelwa.
Inqaba i-Howard kunye ne-palace trauton.
I-classicism
Olu lwazi lwalugxilwe ikakhulu kwi-Antiteifaity. Ukucaca kombungu, ulungelelwaniso kunye nokucaca kweefom, i-rige, ithintelo lokuhombisa ngokuhlobisekileyo kuko konke ukwakhiwa kweClassicism. Umzekelo odumileyo womyili weklasikhi - ikati yendlu ekhubazekileyo eParis. Kwi-epoch ye-classism kade eFrance, isitayile se-Amppir siyavela, okanye isitayile se-imperial. Iphawuleka ngokuthi zenziwe ngabom kokubini kuyilo lwe-Decor yangaphandle kunye nomhombiso wangaphakathi. Iikholamu, iipilasters, umxholo wesimbombo semikhosi kwi-Decor-yonke le nto inokufumaneka kwi-AMP. I-arc trimpal arch kwi-paris - esona siqinisekiso sicacileyo soku.
Ikati yendlu yendlu yabakhubazekileyo kunye ne-triuphal arch (paris).
Njengenxalenye yeCradicism yesiNgesi, izikhombisi ezi-3 zabiwe: I-Palladiya, isitayile saseDahria kunye nesitayile seRokecket. Kwisithuba sokuqala, impembelelo ebonakalayo yoyilo yeGrisi yakudala neRoma ilandelwa. Ithuba lesibini linokufumaneka kwiCandelo eliQinisekisiweyo lezakhiwo eziqinisekisiweyo zezakhiwo, iingcango zomnyama ezimnyama, izakhiwo zeli xesha zayakhiwe ikakhulu zizitena. Ewe, isitayile seRokecket simelwe zezakhiwo, ezimhlophe ezibe zimhlophe, iingcango zazo ziqhutywa ziikholamu, kukho iibhasikisi ezinqabileyo. I-classicism yafikelela e-USA kwi-Palladiya. Xa eNgilani, esi sitayela sele siyekile, eMelika wafumana ubomi besibini (indlu emhlophe eWashington). ERussia, ibhotwe laseSenethi kwi-Moscow Kremlin ithathwa njengenye yemizekelo ebalaseleyo ye-classia eRussia. Isakhiwo esinemigangatho emithathu siphawulwa kukungangqinelani kunye neendlela zeklasikhi zezinto zakudala zoyilo.
IZiko loLondolozo lweNdodam, Indlu Emhlophe kunye neBenate Palace.
Yanamhlanje
Isitayile sobalo-sisa sexesha sayo saseYurophu. Ibonakaliswa kukwala ukwala ii-angles ngqo, i-symmetrical, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokwakha ezitsha (eziqiniswe kwikhonkrithi, intsimbi, iglasi). E-France, esinye sesona sakhiwo sihle senziwe kolu luhlu sithathwa njengendlu ye-lavirott nge-29 Avenue Rapp. Esi sakhiwo siye saba ngowokuqala eYurophu, umntu oboniswayo wahonjiswa ngokuzala. Entlokweni yeCatalan yanamhlanje, uAntonio Jaudi waba yi-Antonia. Mhlawumbi ungatsho ukuba uphuhlise nesitayela sakhe. Indalo yakhe iphefumlelwe ziifom zendalo, kwaye ukupeyinta kwabo akuqhelekanga.
Phakathi kwamabali e-anecdical, ngo-Gauni owayexelele malunga neGaudi, kukho oku kulandelayo: Umntu ubuza umyili we-juur, ngokungafaniyo ne-lattice. " Nokuba inyani yebali, ubonakalisa umkhwa wokuhamba umkhwa wokuhamba ngeMasse, musa ukoyika ukuphahlazeka. Bassegod Jolner
Indlu yaseLavirotta kwi-29 Avenue Rapp kunye neCasa-batlio.
ESweden, eNorway, eFinland kunye neLatvia bafumana ukusasazeka komhlaba kwale mihla. Kuyinto egudileyo kunye ne-friemlord yendlela, nangona kunjalo, ngokwahlukileyo kwi-ndlebe namanye amazwe aseYurophu, kunzima ukufumana idiliya eqaqambileyo. I-Riga yenye yezixeko elona lizwe liphezulu loyilo lwanamhlanje emhlabeni. I-Riga yanamhlanje imele kakhulu izakhiwo ezinamagumbi amaninzi.
Ithiyetha yeSizwe yeFinland kunye nokwakha isakhiwo se-1902 kwiprojekthi ye-Konstantin Peksense.
I-postmodism
Intyatyambo ye-postmodern uyilo lwafika ngeminyaka yoo-1980. Ngokungafaniyo nolwalamano, olukhanyele zonke izinto ezidlulileyo, izakhiwo zeposi zePostmodern, ngokuchaseneyo, kubuchule bokusebenzisa izinto ezindala izitayile ezindala. Bayala eluphahleni olucekeceke, nangona kunjalo, bahlonipha umda, izakhiwo zibonakaliswa ngumfanekiso kwaye zihlala ziqokelela iimbekiselo kwizakhiwo ezithile zembali. Uyilo oluxhaphakileyo lwePostiererernism efunyenwe e-USA. Imbonakalo yale ndlela yayingumsebenzi weRobert Venturi - indlu ye-Venduri yokuhlambela, awayakhelela umama wakhe. Umbhali-mbali uVincent u-Vincent wambiza ukuba nguye kwakhiwa okukhulu kwesiqingatha sesibini se-XX. Ngapha koko, indlu incinci - kukho amagumbi ama-5 kuphela kuyo, nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yemeko ebanzi ibonakala ngathi intle kakhulu. Isebenza ngokusebenzayo kolu lwalathiso kunye noCharles Moore, ophefumlelwe yimizekelo ephambili yoyilo ye-Italian Renaissance kunye noRoma Antiquity, baba ngumbhali we-Itali kwi-Orleans entsha.
I-Venturi yokuhlambela Indlu yeBhafini (iPhiladelphia) nase-Itali Square (i-Orleans entsha).
Ngomdla omkhulu, i-postmodernism ibonwa eJapan. Apho, lo mazwi sele eyimpembelelo yezisombululo zoyilo olunesibindi, kwaye abanye bade bathi eJapan asizizo i-Presmodernicerererererererererningsm konke konke, kodwa zaphuphuma ziimvavanyo ezizahluliweyo. Ngokulibaziseka okuncinci, kodwa emva kwayo yonke loo nto, i-Presmodernism ibonakaliswe ePoland. Ekuqaleni, kwesi sitayile, kukho iinkcukacha ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ke ngezakhiwo zonke. Akunjalo kwakudala, izakhiwo ezili-17 zekhonkrithi e-UK zifumene imeko yemeko ekhuselweyo. Kule ndlela, izakhiwo zokuhlala, ezakhiwayo kunye namaziko eofisi. KwisiNgesi sasemva kwe-Premodrism, ukugqwetha okugqwethekileyo kubonakaliswa kwaye kwangaxeshanye emva kwezithethe zezolo.
I-ART tower tito, i-curve indlu kunye ne-seingbury wing kwigalari yelizwe laseLondon.
Yeyiphi i-staitercys yoyilo esondele? Okanye ngaba ubonile naziphi na kwezi zinto zingasentla?