Umsitho obalulekileyo wesayensi obaluleke kakhulu kwesayensi yayikukufunyanwa kweDiploma yeBirchy yenkulungwane ye-XI-XV. Ihlabathi liphela liveze kubaphandi xa sifunda.
Fumana iDiploma yokuqala yeBirchy ngo-1951 ngexesha lokumbiwa kwezinto zakudala kwi-NoVgorod. Ukususela ngoko, kuphela kule dolophu yakudala kwafumana i-1,100 ulwazi lokufunda nokubhala. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, ibaluleke kangaka yavela kwiRouses endala, iTorzoke Smolensk, i-Pskov, i-Tver kunye nezinye iidolophu zaseRussia zaseRussia, iUkraine neBraine naseBraine.
I-Novgorod Birchy Diplomas kunye nezinto ezifunyenweyo zesayensi
Kwakufunyenwe iNovgorod efumaneka esona sixa sikhulu sokufunda iBhayibhile, kwaye, ngenxa yamachaphaza omhlaba wasekhaya, alondolozwe kakuhle.
Mhlawumbi, abemi beerekhodi zakudala zaseRussia kwi-Bergy bezingaqwalaseli into exabisekileyo - emva kokufunda ukuba bahlala belahliwe, ngamanye amaxesha baphule - kanye njengokuba abantu banamhlanje beza namaphepha angeyomfuneko.
Izilayi zeBerestov ezixutywe nenye inkunkuma, ethi abezombisi kwinkulungwane yama-20 sele sisifo senkcubeko. Phantse iwaka leminyaka sele lifakwe emhlabeni, amaGramistrs, ngaphambi kokuba kufunyenwe abaphandi.
Isifundo sokufunyanwa kuvunyelwe ukwenza inani lezinto ezifunyenweyo. Umzekelo, ixesha elide, izazinzulu ziyakholelwa ukuba kukho ulwimi olunye, olwathetha ngazo zonke ii-SLAvs zasempuma, ezipapashiweyo ukusuka kwiziko elinamancinane - i-slavic pranodina.
Nangona kunjalo, ngaphezulu kweempawu ezingaphezu kwama-30 amagama alahlekileyo ngesiRashiya kufunyenwe kumabanga aphezulu eBershimnaya ye-XI-XII yeenkulungwane. Kodwa ii-analogue zolwimi zifunyenwe zivela kwi-slovaks kunye noovatali.
Ke, ngenxa yediploma, yavela apho ivela khona i-novgorod. Ithiyori ye-Pronodine Unicodine Slovs yabuzwa. Ukuba akukho lwimi lunye, ngaba abantu abadala baseRussia banayo i-pranodine eqhelekileyo?
Ulwazi lokufunda nokubhala lwakwazi ukuba zii-venels
UBeresta, owenziwe nge-gork gork wafikeleleka kuye wonke umntu. Ngenxa yokubhala, endaweni yoko, ukukrala kweeleta kwasetyenziswa i-metallic okanye ithambo le-rod - "yabhala."
Kwidolophu yaseRussia yamandulo, ulwazi lokufunda nokubhala uqeqeshelwe ukususela ebuntwaneni, ngesiqhelo kwiimonimories. Ukwazisa oonobumba, abantwana bakwamkela ukubhala kwakhona imigca yeeNdumiso - kufundwa ngokweNdumiso-enye yeencwadi zebhayibhile, ezineenjineli zakudala.
Iileta ezininzi, njengamagama, zahlukile kakhulu kulwimi lwaseRussia lwanamhlanje. Into ebangela umdla, iileta zikwasetyenziswa njengamanani. Umzekelo, "Az" wathetha inani lokuqala. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, uphawu olukhethekileyo lwabekwa kwileta-tity.
Ngo-1956, ulwazi oluninzi lwe-xiiine lwenkulungwane lwafunyanwa ngemizobo kunye neerekhodi ezenziwe ngu-onfim oneminyaka esixhenxe.
I-Dims yenkwenkwe i-onfima, i-novgorod, 1240-1260Malunga nayo yonke into esemhlabeni
Uninzi lweziseko ezifunyenwe yi-birchy, enyanisweni, ingamaxwebhu eshishini: Iingxelo ngamaxwebhu, iirekhodi zentengiselwano yorhwebo, iingxelo malunga nokusebenza komsebenzi, iimbopheleleko zamatyala.
Kukho izinto ezithe tyaba, ngokudibeneyo kwe-petrocal Peanasal, kwaye ukuthumela iileta zabucala ezithunyelwe. Rhoqo, imibongo, imithandazo, iqhiya okanye iintsomi zabhalwa kwi-Bereste.
Iimvakalelo ezivaliweyo
Idiploma yeNovgoroD yaguqukela kwingcaciso yabemi baseRussia kwi-Russian Society ngaphambili: iiSlavs zathumela izandla zokuhla, zinokuqinisekiswa njengokuqinisekiswa okanye ukuqhuba imicimbi yezemali. Kwenye yeediploma, umfazi uyohlwaya se-sedon:
"Besinokukuphelisela nonke kwaye ndilinde nje. Kwaye ndiyibhokhwe ibhokhwe. "
Kwenye enye uBoris ebuza umfazi wakhe uNastasya ukuba amthume "lurch", oko kukuthi, ihempe awalibalayo. Kwenye impumelelo-i-vikoting yam yokuthatha isigqibo sokuba uNikita wenza uAnna:
Ndixelele, Az Hotyu. Kwaye wena - mna. "Idiplomac iBerchinic yenza ukuba ikwazi ukuqonda izinyanya ekude - izifuno zabo, ukhathalelo, usizi novuyo. Oku kunokuthelekiswa kuphela nommangaliso okanye kumatshini wexesha.