Kunyaka ophelileyo, saqala ukukhupha izixhobo malunga nemigaqo-nkqubo yabantu abahlukeneyo. Isicatshulwa sokuqala solu ngcelele wasinikelwa kwintsapho yamaTshayina edumileyo "yosapho olunye - umntwana omnye".
Izinto zesibini ezihlalutyo kuphuhliso lwe-zigzag zemigaqo-nkqubo yosapho kwi-Iran. Namhlanje sithetha ngendlela amalungelo okuzala amalungelo abemi ayenqunyelwe eIndiya - inani lesibini ngobukhulu emhlabeni.
Inyaniso yokuba i-India ithile iyimfuneko yokuthintela ukukhula kwabantu, abezopolitiko bathe babuya ngeminyaka yee-1920. Intlupheko, ukunqongophala kwezixhobo kunye nokusilela kwenkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo kunye nexabiso elifikelelweyo, ikhokelele kwinto yokuba eli rhulumente yayili-ofisi yokuqala igqibe kwelokuba igqibe i-1952 (nangona i-India edumileyo yaseIndiya Gandhi Gandhi Gandhi behlala bedlala ngokuchasene nolawulo lukarhulumente lwamalungelo okuzala, kodwa wabulawa ngo-1948).
Enye yeengxondo zeloqeqesho lezopolitiko yayiyingxelo yokuba usapho lwayo lunelungelo lokuthatha isigqibo sokuba bangaphi abantwana kuwo. Njengendlela yokuthintela ukukhulelwa, indlela yekhalenda yacetyiswa ngasese (ethi, njengoko sisazi namhlanje, kude kakhulu kweyona ndlela isebenzayo, kodwa kwakungekho mali kwezinye iindlela).
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini kamva, i-heavield artillery yaya kushukuma. Ilizwe laqala ukufumana imali yokuqulunqwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokuzala 'evela "ngamahlakani angaphandle" - impembelelo yesiseko seFord yayiyindima ekhethekileyo.
Ngo-1976, inkulu ye-India, i-Indira Gandhi, yathi imeko kufuneka inciphise izinga lokuzalwa nangayiphi na indlela - kwaye ukuze isizwe sinokumkhawulela amalungelo abo. Ngenxa yoko, ii-6.5 ezigidi zamaIndiya amadoda agqitywe i-vasectomy.
Khawufane ucinge: ebusuku, baphule kwindlu ebusuku, bajija uloyiko kwaye baphathe ngqo kwi-provere engacacanga kwiziko lokusebenza kakuhle.
Ngokwengxelo esemthethweni, i-vasectomy kufuneka ibekwe kuphela amadoda asele abe ngutata kubantwana ababini, kodwa eneneni, lo mkhwa wonyango usetyenziswe kwimbono yezopolitiko. Inkqubo inyanzele i-vasectomy yanyanzela abemi abaninzi ukuba bayeke ukuxhasa ikhosi yezopolitiko yeGandhi. Ipolitiki yagqiba kwelokuba ilixesha lokutshintshela kwabasetyhini ukubona ukukhula kwabantu.
Ngenxa yoko, uninzi lwabafazi babanjiwe: Kwelinye icala, urhulumente waxhoma ngenkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwentsholongwane, kwelinye icala ukuyeka uxinzelelo losapho, kwakufuneka babe nento onokuzalela unyana. Abantwana ababhinqileyo, njengoko besenza rhoqo kwibutho lemveli, babengaqwalaselwa kakhulu ngabantu.Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970, inani elikhulu leeklinikhi zomtshato zavulwa eIndiya - abasetyhini banokubona apha abangathanda ukuqaphela ukukhulelwa, kunye nabo bonke abafazi ababezimisele ukuhambisa i-interrals okanye i-intrauterine spilral. Ngapha koko, abafazi babeziswe kakuhle kakhulu malunga neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, ukuba balile ukususa i-spiral, ukuba ngesizathu esithile wasihambisa kwinyani yokuba abaninzi bazama ukukhupha iintlola ze-intrauterine ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo kwaye isebenzise umonakalo ngakumbi kwimpilo yabo.
Iiposta zaqala ukuvela ezitratweni: "Intsapho eyonwabileyo yintsapho encinci."
Iinjongo zokuzala kwezopolitiko ezisekwe kwisithuba seminyaka emihlanu yowe-1985-1990 sasinjalo: i-sterilize ingama-31 ezigidi zabasetyhini kunye nokuseka i-intrauterine spiral kwisigidi ezingama-25.
Ezi nkqubo bezibanjiwe, masithi kumyalelo wokuzithandela onyanzelekileyo: Abafazi babengazange bathathele ingqalelo kwindlu ebusuku kwaye bengazange bafumane impatho, kodwa banoxinzelelo kule nkqubo, bafumana imbuyekezo yosapho - bafumana imbuyekezo yemali Ukudlulisa intsholongwane.
Iphulo elikhulu elingakamfundo lelizwe, iinkampu ezizodwa ze-sterilization zaye zasungulwa, apho i-Antisadarian igqibelele (kwaye zathintelwa kuphela ngo-2016).
Rhoqo, abafazi baqokelelwa nje kwiiholo zeNdibano yezikolo, ekunyanzelekeni ukuba baye kumgangatho, emva koko i-gynecologist yeza kwiholo kwaye ichithe intsholongwane.
I-Sarita Barpanda, itshakazi yombutho omnye woluntu, yongeza ukuba ezinye ii-gynecologist azibanga nezixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokusebenzisa intsholongwane kwaye zanyanzelwa ukuba zisebenzise isihogo ezulwini, hayi emhlabeni). Kwiindaba rhoqo zidluliselwa ngokusweleka kwabasetyhini emva kokudlulisa intsholongwane kwiimeko ezingacocekanga-umngeni wabasetyhini abamantla eChahattisharcha waba luphawu.
Ngo-1991, uMlawuli Dipa Dumbera wakhulula i-ncwadi malunga nokuchithwa kwabasetyhini e-India ebizwa ngokuba "kubonakala ngathi yimfazwe." Bukela ubunzima obunzima kakhulu: Kwizinyeza ezimanye sibona indlela abafazi abaziintsebenziswano kwiholo eninzi, kwaye endaweni ye-Teinkillers, umntu ohamba naye ubanika okona kusoyikekayo ukuluma isandla. Nakwiifreyiti ezilandelayo, i-gynecologist iqhayise ithi ichithe imizuzu engama-45 kwi-on on yobomi bakhe, kwaye ngoku iyayenza kwimizuzwana engama-45.
I-heroine yefilimu, ekwenziwe udliwanondlebe noDarray, ngokuthetha ngokunyaniseka malunga nokuba ubomi babo buguqukile emva kokufika esikhathini: "Xa sinamaxesha enyanga, amandla okuzalela umntwana. Akukho madoda ala mandla. Ke ngoko, beza nazo zonke ezi zinto: Musa ukuchukumisa ngexesha lokuya esikhathini, musa ukuchukumisa into, musa ukuza ekhitshini. "
Elinye iqhawe elilahlekelwe ngabantwana abane ngexesha lobomi lithi: "Abantwana bangabasebenzi bethu abaphambili, asinabunye ubutyebi." Nabani na ohlala kwindlala akaqinisekanga ukuba abantwana babo baya kuphila kubudala bodala - ukuze inyameko inyameko zihlala zilahlekile. Ke ngoko, abafazi bafuna ukuzala kwaye kwakhona, ngethemba lokuba umntu okhulileyo ovela kubantwana uyakhula kwaye angabanceda.
Namhlanje, imigaqo-nkqubo yokuzala eIndiya iyahluka kakhulu kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Eminye iIndiya i-Indian zamkela izithintelo kwaye ivumela iintsapho ukuba zinabantwana ababini kuphela (ezihlala zikhokelela ekuqiniseni isisu, ukuba isibini sifumanisa ukuba intombazana ilindelwe).
Ukusetyenziswa kwelona nyathelo lincinci lolawulo lweemeko ezithile, i-India ikwazile ukwehla kwezibalo: Ukuba ngo-1966 umfazi ngamnye waza wazala ngo-2 ka-2009, nangona okwangoku imalunga ne-2.2 (nangona ikwizalathiso Umahluko omkhulu ovela kurhulumente ukuya kurhulumente). Ithagethi yama-2025 kukuzisa inqanaba lokuchuma ukuya ku-2.1. Leliphi ixabiso? I-Sterilization yabasetyhini ihlala ihlala yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokuthintela ukukhulelwa kweli lizwe.
Ngokutsho kombutho wabucala, iNgxaki enkulu kumgaqo-nkqubo we-3 ye-3 ye-India kukunqongophala kwemfundo eyaneleyo (i-25% kuphela yabemi abakhe batyelela ezinye iiklasi ezinjalo).
Xa uQeqesha uCwangciso loSapho oluNcingeni, abafazi kunye namadoda ngokukhawuleza banika iindlela ezisisigxina zokuthintela ukukhulelwa. Akukho mntu uchaza ukuba kwihlabathi lanamhlanje kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokukhusela ukuba indlela nganye ineengenelo zayo kwaye ingabakho. Ngenxa yoko, kuyavela ukuba iintsapho zinyanzelekile ukuba zithathe isigqibo sokuba ngubani owenziwe ngoobani ngamaqabane anokuthunyelwa ngoobani na okanye i-vasectomy. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, i-vasectomy ihlala ihlulwe kweli lizwe emva kwekhosi yezopolitiko i-Indira Gandhi kwaye abantu abaninzi ngoku bayala le nkqubo, kuba bakholelwa ukuba bayakuphulukana ne-masculinity.
Ke ngoko, abafazi bahlala bethunyelwa ekusebenzeni. Kwaye okwangoku, iMbutho yabucala ibona ukukhanya ekupheleni komjelo: Ngenxa yokusasazeka kwetekhnoloji yedijithali, kukho ithuba lokuba ulwazi malunga neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthintela ukuthintela ukukhulelwa liza kugqithiselwa kubemi, nakwiindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo ze ilizwe.
Yenziwe eIndiya: i-boom ye-uper surrogate ubuye kunye nokuvalwa kwakhe
Esinye isihloko esibuhlungu kwimbali yomgaqo-nkqubo wokuzala wase-India yayingumama orhwebo, ixesha elide alilawulwa ngumthetho. Ngokukodwa ukhenketho kweli lizwe laba lelika-2000s kubantu abangenamntwana baseMntla Melika naseNtshona Yurophu.
Inkqubo ngokwayo yayityhafile kunakwamanye amazwe, kwaye iiarhente ze-indian surrogate zaqala ukuvela njengama-mushroom. Rhoqo, abaphathi balahlekiswa ngabathengi babo basentshona, bathetha ukuba umama othethelwayo uya kufumana 'umsebenzi "imali ebaluleke kakhulu, kwaye enyanisweni, ukuba ahlawulwe isixhobo somntwana, sihlawulwe ngamawaka amabini eedola. Iinkcukacha ezifanayo zichazwe ngokubonakalayo kwi-ncwadi "eyenziwe eIndiya" URebecca heoovitz noVaisali Singh.
Imibutho emininzi yamalungelo abantu itsalele ingqalelo kwiingxaki zokwenza uphuphume kakhulu eIndiya: amatyala awaziwa xa ukhulelwe xa ukhulelwe, ngenxa yokuba engabonelelwanga ngononophelo olufanelekileyo. Kwiindaba, imeko enye neye meko zibonakala zikwiifama ezimalunga namatyala-iikliniki zokuzala, ezazitshixiwe ngoomama abamamkeli ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo. Iingxaki zomthetho ngokuthumela ngaphandle ii-resebors nazo aziqhelekanga.
Ukugxekwa kweHlabathi kunye nokugxekwa kwangaphakathi kukonyuka, kwaye ngenxa yoko kungu-2015, ukuba norhwebo lobunye lwalunqatshelwe ngumthetho. Ngo-2016, imigaqo yatshintsha kwakhona: Izibini ezitshatileyo zabantwana ezivela eIndiya, ezihlala kunye ngaphezulu kweminyaka emihlanu zivumele ukusebenzisa itekhnoloji yobukumkani be-alrogate. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, le nkqubo ivunyelwe ukuba ithathe abafazi abanesizungu abangathanda ukuba nabantwana, kodwa abanakukwenza oku kwiirekhodi zonyango.
Ngokokude kubenjengolowo uthandabuze ngokwenene ukuba ube yimpindezelo, kunzima ukuyithetha: akunakwenzeka ukuba ngaphandle kwaphela ithuba elo lithuba lemali yoMama oPhakamileyo idluliselwa kwimvulophu. Kodwa ukuxhaphazwa okuninzi kwabasetyhini baseIndiya njengoomatshini bokuveliswa kwabantwana kubantu abangenamntwana abavela kumazwe ahambele phambili.
Isafundwa ngesihloko