Into abayithethayo malunga nezi zintanda-bulumko, amagqwetha nemithetho yamazwe ahlukeneyo kumagama angama-5, ama-50 nama-500 amagama.
Emva kwe-6 kaJanuwari, abaxhasi beTrump baqhekeza i-capitol kwaye bafuna ukuphinda bafumane ivoti kunyulo lukaMongameli, ingxoxo malunga "nelungelo labantu ekuqhubeni" Eyona nto iphambili iyehla yokucombulula umba, nokuba uluntu lunelungelo lokumelana nobuchule bokucinezela kunye nokucinezela nezixhobo ngesandla. Kwaye ukuba ilungelo elinjalo likho, ke indlela yokwahlulahlula ubunqolobi kunye nemvukelo exhobileyo.
Okokugqibela ngaphambi kwe-2021, esi sihloko saxoxwa ngo-2014-ngokunxulumene neminyhadala yaseUkraine. Nangona kunjalo, iifilosom kunye namagqwetha avakaliswa "kwilungelo lokuphakama" nangaphezulu, amakhulu ngaphambi kwexesha lethu kwi-China lakudala neGrisi yamandulo. Kule xesha lidlulileyo, isayensi yezomthetho icebise imisebenzi yabantu abacinga njengokuqonda kunye nokugweba ukubhukuqa kwabacinezeli, kwaye bathetha kabukhali ngokusemthethweni kwethuba.
Yintoni eyona mpawu, eyamkela "ilungelo lokuphakama" kunye nenkokeli yokuqala yeSoviet Russia Vladimir Lenin. Kumsebenzi wakhe weklasikhi, "urhulumente kunye nohlaziyo wabhala ukuba ukomelezwa kwengcinezelo, ukomelezwa kweOfisi yoMkhwa" kunyanzela ukuba intshabalalo igxile kuyo yonke intshabalalo yombuso. "
Ngaba bayakuqonda kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zezomthetho kunye namagama athi "ilungelo lokufumana" kunye nendlela ehlelwe ngayo - kuxhomekeke kwixesha lasimahla onokuyifunda kumagama angama-5, angama-50 okanye ama-50 okanye ama-50 amagama.
Kumagama ama-5
Ngokubanzi, ewe, eRashiya - hayi.Ngama-50 amagama
"Ilungelo lokuphucula" Ukuqaphela iRiphabliki yaseJamani, eCzech, eFrance, eUnited States, ne-United Kingdom. Sele ngonyaka ka-1793, isibhengezo se-French "samalungelo abantu kunye nommi" wavakalisa i-iprinta "olona lungelo lungcwele, uxanduva olululo ebantwini." Inani labathathi-nxaxheba lentlanganiso malunga noMgaqo-siseko oyilwayo weRussia ka-1993 wacela ukudibanisa ilungelo elinjalo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, umbono awuzange uxhaswe.
Ngamagama angama-500
Umxholo we "ilungelo lokufumana" amacime aphuhliswe ixesha elide. Kwakusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqala ukuba ngowokuqala kwiinkulungwane ze-xii ukuya kwiinkulungwane zethu ze-CHIGE zeChizi yakudala ukusuka kwi-Zhou Denasty. Ukucacisa ukuthathwa kwamandla kwi-Donsty edluleyo, bakhulisa imfundiso yonke, eyaziwa ngokuba "ngumsebenzi wezulu." I-therity ye-therity yakhe ifundeka: Isibhakabhaka sisikelelekile ukulandelelana kwendalo kunye nokuthanda komlawuli olinganayo, esengqiqweni le nto "ngunyana wezulu". Nangona kunjalo, uTyran wezulu uya kuba ngoonwabi kwaye aphendule umsebenzi wabo, atshintshe umlawuli ofanelekileyo.
"Ilungelo lokuphucula" likwisiko lamaSilamsi. UMphathiswa we-Islam Saudi Arabia ngo-1998 ukuya ku-014, uSheikh Sami Sheikh Alikh wachaza umxholo we-8th Hadis, ethi: "Ukuba uza kukuxelela ikhoboka." Ngokoluvo lwayo, "ukuthobela nokuthobela kumlawuli kuphela kwento yokuba akaphefumli u-Allah." Ukuba ngenxa yesizathu sokuba uMlawuli omazayo isono, ayinakuthotyelwa.
EYurophu, ukuqala kwembono 'yamalungelo okuprinta "ebekiwe" tiranoborrs "ye-garmody kunye ne-Aristitson kwiGrisi yamandulo. Malunga ne-514, ngaphambi kwexesha lethu, babezama i-tippius hippius noHipppark bafa. Abemi banombulelo bahlonipha i-tiranoubyts njengamagorha kazwelonke kwaye bathatyathwa isikhumbuzo, esithathwa njengelitye lezopolitiko lokuqala kwilizwekazi.
Ngo-1215, abakhweli base-English banyanzela uKumkani woJohn umqondiso ongenamhlaba "South Shicilela Ubuda". Elinye lawona manqaku oxwebhu athi ukuba inkosi "yento ngokuchasene nomntu iya koyisa okanye nawuphi na amanqaku ehlabathi okanye amashishini ahlukane nomhlaba wonke, aya kunyanzelwa, kwaye ahlutha kwaye ahlutha nayo Zonke iindlela kuphela, oko kukuthi, ngokufaka iinqaba, umhlaba, izinto kunye nezinye iindlela. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba enyanisweni yokuba eli nqaku alizange libekho, iTshatha ngokwakho isaziwa ngumthetho we-Bhritane osemthethweni.
Ukongeza kwisibhengezo sesiFrentshi so-1793, "kanye kwi-iprintations echazwe kwisibhengezo senkululeko: Kurhulumente onjalo kunye nokudalwa kweziqinisekiso zokhuseleko ezintsha zekamva iba lilungelo kunye nembophelelo. " Ngapha koko, ayingabo bonke abagqwetha ukuba inkcazo enjalo ithethelela ukuphuculwa kwexesha elizayo. Abanye babo bakholelwa ukuba isibhengezo sasinentshukumo yexesha elinye.
Kwimigaqo yemimiselo yangoku, "ilungelo lokuphucula" lalirekhodwa ngokuthe ngqo, umzekelo, kumthetho ophambili weJamani. Inqaku lama-20 lathi "Onke amaJamani anelungelo lokuxhathisa umntu oza kuzama ukurhoxisa umyalelo womgaqo-siseko ukuba azikho ezinye iindlela." Ukufana kwintsingiselo yemeko ikumgaqo-siseko weGrisi: "Ukuthobela noMgaqo-siseko kwabelwe intetho yamaGrike, enelungelo kunye noxanduva lokuzama ukurhoxisa" kunye ne IRiphabliki yaseCzech: "Abemi banelungelo lokuxhathisa umntu ongenisa iodolo yedemokhrasi. Amalungelo oluntu kunye nenkululeko esisiseko."
Kumgaqo-siseko waseRussia "ilungelo lokufumana" ngokusemthethweni engafakwanga. Uluntu lwesayensi aluphume ukuthobeka ekubeni lilungile "lendalo" (indalo entweni ngenxa yendalo) okanye "ifuna ukuba ibe ngummiselo owodwa). Akucaci nokuba lo mntu ngumntu ofanelekileyo (njengelungelo lokufumana i-tyranoubium) okanye ngokudibeneyo (ngabantu kuphela abanokuvukela, hayi umntu omnye). Ingxaki enkulu yindawo engafaniyo phakathi kwabagrogrisi nenkululeko. Akayifumana imvume yayo eyanelisayo.
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