Ngoku kanye kwiminyaka engama-40 eyadlulayo, ngoFebruwari 11, 1981, ePoland kwakungekho nto ifana nesiganeko esibalulekileyo: Inkulumbuso itshintshiwe. ISilovik, UMphathiswa Wezokhuselo kuZwelonke ye-WOARZHLYLKY waba ngusihlalo omtsha weBhunga. Ngaphambi kweli lizwe bekulinde ukujija okungazange kwenzeke ngaphambili, umthetho wemfazwe, ugxile kwisandla samandla kuwo onke amandla kweli lizwe kwaye phantse uluntu lwenkcaso. 42.Ke malunga neziganeko.
I-Poland kwishumi elinanye
Amashumi asixhenxe aphelelwe yigolide iminyaka efanayo yeRiphabhlikhi yaBantu ePoland. Inkampani yayiva amandla ayo: Uqhanqalazo lwaBasebenzi kunxweme lweBaltic, nangona unamandla kwaye wagqiba kwelokuba ahlawule inkokeli ye-PPP (i-analogue ye-CPU ePoland) vladiskav gomulka. Indawo yakhe yathatyathwa yinkululeko yenkunkuma e-Ebelly.Urhulumente wakhupha kancinci umnyango, kwaye "thaw" kunye nentyatyambo yenkcubeko yaqala ePoland. I-Angey Waida kunye ne-Kshyshtof Zanysy, Daniel Olbrykh noBarbara Brylsk badutsk, uAnna Hermann Sarter. I-Warsaw Grewery ifakwe kuqala kwibhloko yeSoviet yeCoca-Cola, kunye nePoland njengesicweba i-IRORNIC "YOBUCHULE BENKONZO". I-MOSCOW ayizange ithintele: Amashumi asixhenxe alixesha elithi "ukukhupha" kwintshona, kunye namandla okuphazamisa i "Prague intyonyo", iBrezhnev ayizange ilwela.
Kodwa imeko kuqoqosho lwePoland ayinamsebenzi. Amaziko emizi-mveliso ayethobela, ilizwe lifuna izixhobo zeTekhnoloji-kunye nemali yoku, ubunkokeli be-PPP bagqibe kwelokuba bathathe i-West, hayi amanye amazwe kwibhloko ye-olive. Uqoqosho lwe-PNP lubenezikhukula ngemali yetyala: Babelindele ukuba kungekudala onke amatyala aya kuba nakho ukunika inzuzo eyonyukayo.
Nangona kunjalo, ishumi leminyaka liphelile, ityala lifezekisile amaxabiso eenkwenkwezi ze- $ 20 yezigidi zeedola, kwaye inzuzo ayizange ivele: ngenxa yenkohliso, uqoqosho oluzithandela "loqoqosho" oluphezulu "lwe" AMAFE ". Imali ityale imali kuqoqosho ngokungathi inyibilikisiwe ngaphandle kokuzisa ukuphuculwa okufunekayo.
Akuyimfuneko ukubala amazwe aseNtshona ukuba abhale iikhredithi: bona ngokwabo babenzima ebusweni bengxaki yeoyile. ISoviet Union ayilangazelela ukugcina uqoqosho lwePolish. Ngenxa yoko, ekupheleni kweminyaka engama-70s, i "Golden Age" ihambe ngequbuliso kwaye igqityiwe ngokupheleleyo, iPoland yayisemnyango wokuwa kwezoqoqosho.
Iishelfu zazingenanto kwiivenkile, yonke into enokuthunyelwa kwelinye ilizwe, amaxabiso akhula (eyayingeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kuqoqosho olucwangcisiweyo). Abasebenzi bavuka kwakhona kwiprojekhthi. Ukudubula akukhange kukhawuleziswe, kodwa amatshantliziyo alandelwa, agxothwa, kwaye i-Recressotions kwi-showrestion kwisiqingatha sesibini samashumi asixhenxe waba yinto eqhelekileyo. Ukuphendula, i-Intelliiguesia iyenze iKomiti yoKhuseleko lwaMalungelo oluntu okanye i-kor (komitt obrony robotników).
I-tender kunye nobumbano
Umhla ongumqondiso wawungoJulayi 1, 1980 - ngalo mhla urhulumente wanda kakhulu amaxabiso enyama. Abasebenzi abazange bathwale: kuqala baphule uqhanqalazweni eLublin, emva koko iziko labo lafudukela eGdinsk: phaya, iKomiti ye-Dot-Wave ye-Wave ye-Wave yafunyanwa ikhokelwa ngumbane wenqanawa ye-lech. Inani labahlaseli babalwa ngamakhulu amawaka, kwimbali le misitho yabandakanywa njengePolish Agasti. Ngeli xesha i-Intemigia kunye nabasebenzi baqokelelene.
IKomiti eQhelekileyo kunye ne-KOS ngokudibeneyo abangama-21 abasebenzi abafuna abasebenzi abasemagunyeni-ubukhulu becala kwezoqoqosho-ukuya kuqalile ukusungulwa kwamakhadi okutya kwinyama. Kwangelo xesha, imibutho yabasebenzi abazimeleyo ifuna, kwaye ilungelo elisemthethweni lokubetha, kunye nolwazi oluthembekileyo kwimeko yezentlalo-qoqosho yelizwe, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo yotshintsho oluyimfuneko.
Eyona nto iphambili kwimibutho yabasebenzi abazimeleyo yayingundoqo: sele iiKomiti Zoqhankqalazo lwePoland, zazisa ubudlelwane boLawulo oluZentombini ozimeleyo ", nto leyo eya kuba ngumbuzo. Izibonda "zavotela iinyawo zabo": izigidi ezisixhenxe (zesihlanu zabemi) zabhalwa kwimanyano yabasebenzi entsha kwiinyanga ezimbalwa), zeziphi izigidi zamaKomanisi (i-PPP yesithathu). U-Lech Vangens waba nguSihlalo. Nge-10 kaNovemba, imanyano yabasebenzi yaba semthethweni.
I-PNP PNP Storem. "Iingqameko", zenziwa ngamandla aphelelwe lixesha, iigiya zazingasonjululwanga ukuba zisebenzise amandla ngokuchasene nomsebenzi wokusebenza, i-stalinist "ikhonkrithi" (i-porp yomenzi) yayingafuni ukuya kulo naluphi na umbono.
I-pendulum "ye-pendulum" ye-pendulum ka-Agasti ye-Agasti yadutyulwa izihlandlo ezininzi, kwaye ngenxa yoko, imeko yadalwa yi-gore: kwelinye icala, ubunkokheli be-PPP yamkelwe ngokufanelekileyo ezinye zeemfuno zabasebenzi (okokuqala, Ukudalwa kwemibutho yabasebenzi abazimeleyo, ekhokelele ekudalweni 'kobumbano "), omnye-uEdwark warhoxa, endaweni yekanya kwi-rigid stanislav. Le yokugqibela yayingeyonto 'yekhonkrithi ikhonkrithi ", imele inani kuluhlobo lokulalanisa, lilungele ukwenza kunye ne-WUPP, kunye ne-gingerbread. Nangona kunjalo, kwakucacile ukuba ixesha lokuphendula liza kuqala kungekudala. Waqala waqala.
Iingxaki zabasemagunyeni zazibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba kwakungacacanga, sesiphi isikhundla esiya kuthatha umkhosi-ukunyaniseka kwemikhosi kwakungaqina. Kungenxa ye-Agasti ngo-Agasti, iincoko zokuqala zaqala malunga nokungeniswa kwemikhosi yaseSoviet ukuya ePoland. I-USSR ayinakuphulukana ne-poillish satellite ye-USSR: kwakungekho nxibelelwano nelona qela linamandla lemikhosi yaseSoviet eJamani, kwaye kukho i-oyile "yokuthumela ngaphandle kweoyile ye Umanyano lwalubaluleke kakhulu kwi-ofisi yamashumi asixhenxe).
Nangona kunjalo, ungenelelo olugcweleyo lweMoscow ngelo xesha kwakungekho kungafuneki, ukuba akunjalo, ilizwe lalinzulu kwimfazwe ye-Afghan, kwaye 'kwi-"yesibini" ye-Union ayitshisi. E-USSR, umbongo olusizi wazalwa:
I-payy kunye nepani,
Mamela kaKhanya,
Kwaye ke iVanya iza kuza
Kwaye iya kufana eAfghanistan ...
Nangona kunjalo, ukwenziwa kwegama elithi "umanyano" kunye nokukhula okuqhushumbe kwenani layo bekucatshukiswa kukukhokela kweqela le-SOVIet Bloc kunye "nekhonkrithi" ye-PPP. Abameli be "Gure" yombutho, umanyano lwabasebenzi abazimeleyo, njengethambo emqaleni, kwaye iimboniselo kuye kumatheko ehlobo zithathwa njengebuhlungu, kodwa ukoyisa okwethutyana.
Ipani yerazelsky
Kwimeko yeMfazwe ebandayo yabaHlaziyi kunye namaphiko olondolozo nge-11 kaFebruwari, ngo-1981, uSihlalo weBhunga (kwangaxeshanye, wamshiya uMphathiswa weSizwe ). Ukuqeshwa kwimfihlelo ebalulekileyo yefoloko yezokhuseleko kwakungaziwa kakhulu: Umkhosi osetyenziswa kuluntu igunya elilungileyo kunye nayo yonke i-thmastum egxile kwi-PPP. Ngokuchasene noko, umntu ongenguye "wekhonkrithi" kubonakala ngathi akangoyena mntu unokuyisebenzisa ishishini.
Nangona kunjalo, uluntu lwase-YArazelsky lwaluyimpazamo. Ewe, wayengenayo iqela eliqinileyo elidlulileyo, ukuba bonke ubomi bakhe banxulunyaniswa nomkhosi. Inzala yohlobo lweShantekitsky, wafudukela eLithuania ukuya kwiLithuania eneminyaka eli-16, ukusuka apho iRiphabhlikhi ihamba i-USSR yajoyina i-Siberia ibhekisa kwisalathiso seSiberia. Ndamngcwabela utata apho, ndonakalise i-cornea yeliso kwiHlabathi (elinokubekwa kwiglasi emnyama), kodwa ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi ndakwazi ukujoyina iiPolish. Emfazwe, i-Yarazelsky idlulile kunye nemikhosi eya kwi-elbe ngokwayo, yaye waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wasemkhosini.
Ekupheleni kwe-muptbues, yarzelsky, esele ingumphathiswa wezoKhuselo lukaZwelonke, yafumana amava okuqala okungena kwimikhosi ukuba igcine i-arly kwiinguqu ezivela kuguquko: amawaka eePrague intwasahlobo ". Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, amajoni ePoland evela kulwazi lwe-yearazelsky athabatha inxaxheba kwi-Accred Comporists kwi-Baltic Coast-Ke abantu abangama-46 bafa. Ke sebenzisa amandla kwiNkulumbuso entsha ibiphakathi, hayi owokuqala. Ngapha koko, bekungakwazi ukulalanisa phakathi 'kobumbano "kunye nabasemagunyeni: Iqela lokuqala elilungisiweyo, okwesibini emva kwemvume yokuqala yathintelwa kwaye ayifuni naluphi na utshintsho. I-Polinglel Poland yaqesha i-Poworent, sikhumbula ukuba ilizwe lilinganisele kwi-vergebight, kwaye kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-1981 ngenxa yengxaki, ingeniso yesizwe yePolish iwa nge-15%.
Amanyathelo ezoqoqosho anikelwa ngurhulumente ukusombulula ingxaki kwiimeko zoqhanqalazo ezinobunzima, zazingeyonyani kakhulu: Ukuthintela ukusilela, i-Yarbraelskingsky yanikezela nangakumbi ukuphakamisa amaxabiso okutya kunye nepetroli. U-Paralylly woyika i-anterchy, etyhola emva kweemfuno zenguqu yedemokhrasi, kwaye wathi "amandla abantu akanakunikwa, amandla emeko yontlalontle, kwaye ayiyi kunikwa."
Ngo-1981, ubunkokheli be-PPP ngokuthe ngcembe bunokunyuka ngokuguquguqukayo: Imisebenzi "yomanyano" icaphukise ngakumbi, kunye nemfuno yohlengahlengiso kwezopolitiko (kubandakanywa nonyulo lwasimahla kwi-Sejm) ngqo Bothuka ngokugqibeleleyo amaKomanisi asePoland ukuba alawule ilizwe.
Ngelo xesha, ngendlela, umbuzo wongenelelo weSoviet phantse ungami: Umzekelo, kukho i-radinal "ye-versinal" ye-radinal sulov, i-rabshnev yesibini ayizange ihambele ukwazisa imikhosi). Kuyinyani, isizinda sikawonke-wonke, ukwala ukuthatyathwa kwehlaselo kamva.
NgoDisemba, umanyano luye lwenze imiboniso yamasikhumbuzo kwisikhumbuzo sokuphindezela kobuphindezelayo ngo-1970. Kwaye apha kwarzelsky, ogxile kwixesha onke amandla kweli lizwe (Oktobha 18, wathatha indawo kaKanya kwisithuba soNobhala wokuqala we-PPP) ezazisiwe kweli lizwe. NgoDisemba 12, onke amapolisa (engingqi) amapolisa afumene iimvulophu ezigcinwe kwindawo ekhuselekileyo ukusuka nge-Matshi-oko kukuthi, ibekwe apho ngenyanga nje emva kokuqeshwa kwe-WENCALD.
Kwimvulophu enemiyalelo: Ukulawula zonke iindlela zonxibelelwano, unomathotholo, umabonwakude, ukudibanisa bonke abaphengululi 'bamanye abantu ", oya kuba nakho ukufikelela. Ebudeni bajika baba yi-valen, uninzi lwencwadana yemibutho yabasebenzi, kwaye ngenxa yesizathu esithile, owayesakuba ngunobhala wokuqala we-porp ka-Edward. Urhulumente wavala imida, evinjelwe yonke imibutho kawonke wonke, yonke imithombo yeendaba ngokupheleleyo.
Ukuqaliswa kwemeko yomkhosi iye yeyona ntshukumo yamapolisa enkulu kwinkulungwane yama-20: kuphela amawaka abantu ababandakanyeka kwiZomo kwabasebenzi (emva koko amapolisa e-Polia). Kwaye i-250 lamawaka emkhosini kwiitanki ezingamawaka kunye nabasebenzi abazimisele abasebenzi. Kwangaxeshanye kulibaziseka malunga nabantu abangamawaka amahlanu, kwakanye kwakongezwa kubo kangangoko.
"Imeko yabasebenzi kunye nabalingane" babangela ukuba kubekho ukubetha kwabasebenzi kunye nabalingane, bevakalisa ngotshintsho oluchasene noko. Amandla elizweni afudukela kwiBhunga leMikhosi yeLizwe lokuhlangula kuZwelonke (weJskowa ocalelenia Narodowego, Wron). Kwintetho elandelayo, i-yerazelsky yathi: "Ndiyigxeka loo mnqweno kumnqweno wokungqubana, ekusasazeni komthetho, ekubethweni ukwaphula ubugrogrisi, ekutshatyalalisweni kwezoqoqosho Ewe, kukuba le mikhosi ibisoyikise umanyano nonqabiseko lwelizwe. Ndibeka ityala aba bantu ekusebenzisaneni nokuxhatshazwa kwezigidi zabantu abathembekileyo ababandakanyeka kwi-OMW ebingozi.
Emva koko, eWojcih, i-Yarazelsky yanyanzelisa ukuba wazisa umthetho wemfazwe ngenjongo yokuthintela ukuhlasela kwemikhosi yamazwe e-soviet. Namhlanje kuyathandabuzi: emva kwamashumi eminyaka, akukho bungqina buthembeleyo bokulungiswa kwegalelo lamajoni awafumanekanga- kuyacaca ukuba umthetho wemfazwe wawulungiswa kwangaphambili.
Ukuchasana kwabantu bakwazi ukucinezela ngaphandle kwaoko. Abasebenzi bathathe amashumi amashishini eWarsaw, eGdansk, i-Roclaw kunye nezinye izixeko. Ngokwesiqhelo, umkhosi wakhe kunye noZomo basebenza ngolu hlobo: Isango leshishini lihlambe itanki, emva kokuba imikhosi yezokhuseleko yangena ngaphakathi, ityhila umzi-mveliso. Kwimeko yokuxhathisa, kokubini 'kwindawo "eyam eSilessia, i-Zomo yavula umlilo kwabavini kwimipu yemipu - abantu abasithoba bafa. Kwi-Gdansk, umboniso wasasaza ngokungqongqo - amadini amathathu.
Ngenxa yoko, ekupheleni konyaka, ukumelana nombutho wabandakanywa nokucinezela. Ngaphandle kobunkokeli obuphakathi, izigidi zabaxhasi abashiya "ubumbano" abakwazanga ukulungisa isibonelelo. Imephu ye-Yarozelsky idlalwa kwaye kangangexesha elithile yandise ubukho bobuKomanisi basePoland.
Izibonda zikhusela njengoko zinokwenzeka. Izabelo zobumbano, ukubetha kwe-Italiyane emsebenzini, amaphetshana kunye neeposta, igraffiti yorhulumente. Isishwankathelo se-Wron siyafana neLizwi eDona (Crow), kwaye ezindongeni sasingaqhelekanga "," i-uprona ye-Each Pormass "," ubusika bakho ". Ukutshixwa kwegrafiti kuthunyelwe amaqela awodwa.
Ke, "i-shrimp" ye-poland, i-yerazelsky kunye neendawo ezikungqongileyo azikwazanga 'ukuthula "uqoqosho. NgoFebruwari 1982, amaxabiso okutya anyuke ngeepesenti ezingama-241, ngama-171 pesenti-kumbane kunye nobushushu. Amashishini anyula abaKomishinala basemkhosini ukuba 'bomeleze ingqeqesho kunye nemveliso yabasebenzi "- njengoko bekuncedayo, kunzima ukugweba.
Imeko yomkhosi yaya kude kwe-22 kaJulayi, 1983, yayifanelekile ubomi obungaphezu kwekhulu abantu kwaye ayizange icombulule nayiphi na ingxaki. Ubumbano boyiswa kwicandelo lezomthetho baqhubeka nokusebenza ngokufihlakeleyo, ukuthembela kwabantu kwi-PPP yawa kwi-zero, kwaye uqoqosho aluzange luncede uqoqosho lwe-wogciech efihlakeleyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-PNR ithathe iminyaka embalwa - phantse kude kuphele ishumi leminyaka. I-Yazaresilky yaza ekugqibeleni yanika amandla kuLehu valen kwaye waphila kude kube ngo-2014. Tut.by.