Ngomhla we-11 kaMatshi, 2021, kanye iminyaka eli-10 yengozi kwi-fukushima yenziwa. Inyikima kunye netsunami zikhokelele emonakaleni kwiinkqubo zokupholisa kwi-4 ye-FUKII-DUTIMA-DEITI NP, kwaye emva koko ukusasazwa kongcoliseko oluhlawulelwayo. Ngo-2016, iSebe lezoqoqosho lwaseJapan laqikelela ukonakala kwingozi yenyukliya kwi- $ 195 yezigidigidi, ukusukela ngoko iindleko zisanda.
Intlekele ye-atom yoxoloUkupheliswa kwengozi kusabandakanyeka kurhulumente waseJapan, kuyakholelwa ukuba ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma erediyo emva kokuba ingozi iya kuthi ifike kwi-6 yezigidi zeedola kwaye iya kugqitywa phakathi kwenkulungwane. Kodwa le kuphela inkunkuma eqokelelweyo eqokelelwe iminyaka eli-10. Ukongeza kuye, kusekho mpindezelo ngamawaka eetoni zenkunkuma eqaqambileyo, kunye namanzi angcolisekileyo. Ukuwa kokugqibela, injongo yabaphathi baseJapan baqalisa ukuseta kwakhona la manzi kulwandlekazi lwabangela ukungakhathali kwamazwe. Kwisithuba seminyaka eliqela, amakhulu eetoni zamanzi erediyo zathengwa yonke imihla ukusuka kwi-reactors eyonakeleyo, kodwa ngonyaka we-2022, izitya zokugcina zayo zizaliswe. Ngokuyinxenye la manzi acinyiwe, kodwa i-triitium yerediyo ayibeki, kwaye ke sele inqabile inkunkuma.
Ngeli xesha, abalobi abakunxweme lweJapan babamba intlanzi erediyo.
Emva kwengozi, urhulumente waseJapan wasiphambuka isicwangciso esiliqili, esilungiselelwe ukuphuculwa kwe-53% yombane kwinkcitho ye-NPP nge-2030. Kwaye uninzi lwezi zixhobo zinyanzelwa ukuba yibani uqhutywa. Kodwa iJapan yaqinisekisa isivumelwano semozulu seParas kwaye sibhengeza ukungathathi cala le-carbon embindini wenkulungwane, nto leyo eya kufuna ukwala ipessil ye-fossil. Ngaphandle kwengxoxo eqhubekayo, ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuzalisekisa iinjongo zemozulu ngaphandle kwamandla eatom, urhulumente akangxami ukwakha isityalo samandla senyukliya kwakhona. Kwisicwangciso esiliqili sokuphumeza isivumelwano seParis, urhulumente waseJapan uthetha "ngokunciphisa isabelo samandla eatom kangangoko kunokwenzeka", kunye nokungaphezulu kwemithombo yamandla ahlaziyiweyo. Ngo-2019, isabelo samandla eatom eJapan yayiyi-6%, kwaye inani lemithombo ehlaziyiweyo imalunga ne-19%. Ngapha koko, indlela amandla ahlaziyiweyo aya kuphuhlisa, ubukho bamandla enyukliya buxhomekeke.
Ilanga litshone i-atomic amandlaIngozi kwi-fukushima ayizange ikhokelele ukuvalwa kwezityalo zamandla enyukliya kwihlabathi liphela. Amazwe aliqela atshintshile iingqondo zabo ukwakha ii-Duitors kwasekuqaleni - kodwa ngokubanzi, ezo zicwangciso zazikuFushima. Kwaye ziqhagamshelwe kungento eyoyikeka kakhulu ngokoyika iingozi, kodwa ngexabiso eliphezulu lolu hlobo lwamandla, kubandakanya nokungaqiniseki ukuphelisa indleko zokuchitha inkunkuma ephatheni inkunkuma yenyukliya. Owona mzekelo ubonakalisa umzekelo yiJamani, apho ngonyaka wama-2022 uza kucima isityalo samandla senyukliya sokugqibela. Ishumi elidlulileyo leminyaka elidlulileyo kwinye yezona qoqosho zinkulu zehlabathi "ezinoxolo" zinikezwe malunga nesithathu seemfuno zombane, namhlanje esi sabelo sibanjiwe zizikhululo zaseJamani kwimithombo yamandla ehlaziyiweyo. Isigqibo sokwala amandla atommic lavela eJamani kwanaxesha lenkulungwane ye-XXI. Isicwangciso sokukhutshwa kwesigaba sokuphendula ngokuxhaphaza samkelwe, apho babhala khona ukuba bangakanani amandla avunyelweyo ukuba basebenze njani le nto okanye omnye umntu ngaphambi kokuvalwa kwenyukliya.
Kungekudala ngaphambi kwengozi yenyukliya eJapan, i-Mernkel Chancellor yavumelane neenkampani zamandla zaseJamani ukulibazisa ukurhoxiswa kwezityalo zamandla zenyukliya. Kodwa ingozi eJapan, la malungiselelo aphelisa kwaye abuyisa izicwangciso zakudala ebomini, iminyaka eli-10 evunyiweyo ngaphambi kweFushima.
Eyona nto iphambili, sikhona kwilanga elisentshona ye-Nuclear-onke amazwe akhanyisiweyo njengomzekelo wokusetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo kwamandla eatom, kunye nesantya esinye okanye esinye isantya sayo. Owona mandla amakhulu enyukliya aseMelika kwihlabathi ngokwento yalo ivota kwixesha lobunzima kunye nexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu labasebenzi, ngelixa ukutshintshwa kungakhi. EFrance, eyayinesona sikhombisi sikhulu emhlabeni kwisabelo samandla enyukliya ekuphuhlisweni kwamandla (ngaphezulu kwe-70%), kukho izicwangciso zokuphuma kokusebenza kwezityalo zenyukliya, kwaye akukho zicwangciso zazo ukutshintshwa. Kwisicwangciso semozulu yesiFrentshi, ugxininiso alukho kwi-NPP entsha, kodwa kwimithombo yamandla ahlaziyiweyo. IJapan, apho ngaphambi kweFushima, malunga nesiqingatha samandla waveliswa kwii-reactors, ngoku ifuna ukunciphisa isabelo samandla i-Atom kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Ngoku eRussia!Ngoku uya kumangaliswa, kodwa naseRussia uphuhliso lwamandla e-Atomic phantse uphelile.
URosato uqhubela phambili izityalo zamandla enyukliya ezili-11 eRussia, esebenzisa abantu abangama-37. Ukongeza, isikhululo seatomic edadayo "I-Lomononosov" enama-40 amancinci ama-40 ama-40 asebenza kwi-Chukotka. Ngo-2020, isabelo samandla eNyukliya yaseRussia kwimveliso yombane yayimalunga nama-20%.
Isityalo samandla senyukliya sokudada yaba kukutshintshwa kwe-bilibino i-bibibino i-bibibina yakudala, apho umsebenzi wokuqala wawumiswa ngo-2019, kwaye uninzi lweengcali ezintathu kufuneka zimiswe ngo-2025. Iingcali ze-Atomic ibanga ukuba ukusebenza kwayo kuyabiza kakhulu.
Isikhululo seatom esidadayo sasimele ukuba sivele emva ngo-2008, ulwakhiwo lwalulibaziseka kangangeminyaka eli-10. Ingcali yezendalo ibiye yabizwa ngokuba le projekthi "ihamba chernobyl" ngenxa yenkxalabo kwicandelo lokhuseleko kunye ne-nyukliya engapheliyo.
Ngo-2020, bekukho abantu abathathu abasaziyo kwizikhululo ze-kirsk kunye nezikhululo zeLeningrad. Ezi yunithi zamandla zakhiwe njengokutshintsha i-chernoby ye-chernobyl yohlobo lwakudala (i-RBMK-1000), ethe yafunyanwa ngokuthe ngcembe. Kwi-leningrad NPP, i-RBMK-1000 ye-RBMK-1000 yamiswa ekupheleni kuka-2018, yesibini - ekupheleni kuka-2020, ababini abaseleyo bacetywa ukuba bayeke ngo-2025. ukutshintshwa, kodwa akucaci ukuba kutshintshwe izinto zakudala ze-Deances okwesithathu neyesine.
Kwi-kpp le-kpp isebenza kukho iibhloko ezine ze-chernobyl ezine. Eyokuqala icwangcisiwe ukuyeka ukuphela kuka-2021, yesibini - ngo-2024, kwaye ezimbini ezingakumbi - ngonyaka ka-2028 nowama-2030. Ukutshintshwa ukusukela ngo-2018, iProjekhthi ezimbini zePRE-Tei yeProjekthi yakhiwa (kusekwe kwizisombululo zobugcisa ze-1200). Kwakhona, njengakwimeko yeLeningrad NPP, ayicaci ukuba iibhloko ezintsha ziya kwakhiwa.
Ukuqukunjelwa kwezityalo zamandla zenyukliya ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo wobugcisa kunye nezemali, owenziwa kuphela eRussia. Ngelixa aba-8 bemisiwe kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-15 baya kumiswa kwiminyaka eli-10 ezayo. Iindleko ezichanekileyo zemveliso ekusebenzeni kwe-NPP ayaziwa. Ishishini laseRussia lenyukliya liyakholelwa ukuba liya kuba nakho ukuvelisa i-NPSS "ye-Coulln ye-Choaper" kune- $ 10 yezigidi zomsebenzi ngamnye.
Kwaye kukho inkunkuma yenyukliyaZingaphezulu kwe-500 yezigidi zeetoni zenkunkuma erediyo sele ziqokelelwe eRussia, kubandakanya ngaphezulu kwe-1 yezigidi zeetoni zenkunkuma ye-Uranium, kwimvelaphi yeJamani. Ukongeza, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-25,000 yeetoni zamafutha asetyenziswa ngezityalo zamandla enyukliya ziqokelelwe. Izicwangciso zeshishini zeatom zokuphinda zisebenzise kwakhona le ntlawulo ukuqaqambisa izixhobo zenyukliya zokusetyenziswa kwakhona. Nangona kunjalo, eRussia kukho iindawo ezimbalwa zamandla, ke le nkqubo iza kuthatha amashumi eminyaka. Kwakhona, hayi esiphelweni sicacile ukuba yintoni injongo yokuqhubekeka, kuba kufuneka abakhawuleze kufuneka basebenzise izinto zenyukliya, kwaye zimbini kuphela eRussia. Omnye waba bobabini badala kakhulu, kwaye okwesibini babubekwe kumaxesha aseChernobyl kwaye yintshatsheli ngexesha lolwakhiwo, elalidlulisa umndilili wehlabathi izihlandlo ezithathu. Ukongeza, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe kwakhona kwe-NPP ye-NPP yinkqubo eyenzakalisayo eyingozi, ngenxa yokuba kukho amakhulu amatye amatye ama-radid radioccial.
ERussia, kunzima kakhulu ukuchaphazela abasemagunyeni xa kufikwa kubetha kwindalo esingqongileyo - abatshabi bezendalo balawulwa ngabasemagunyeni ukuba bavumela inzala yoluntu. Umzekelo, isizathu sokungeniswa kombutho wokuqala wendalo esingqongileyo kwiRejista yee-Arhente ze-Equitrist ngokuchasene nokwakhiwa kweBaltic NPP. Iziphumo zale meko zibuthathaka kakhulu kulawulo oluthathaka kulawulo lwenyukliya. Okubangela umdla, ukubekwa kweliso elibuthathaka i-atomic kwathiwa ngunobangela wengozi kwi-fukushima, ekubeni iminyaka emininzi ihlolwe izitishi zenyukliya igqithile ngokusemthethweni, kwaye amaxwebhu ayeqhutywa. I-rosatom inenqanaba elikhethekileyo lomsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu kufutshane no-Mongameli weSpin. IBhunga le-Gubal Corporation likhokelwa nguMlawuli wangaphambili waseSergei Kiliyenko, umphathi namhlanje osuka kulawulo loMongameli womgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya welizwe.
Oku kubonelelwa nge-currication yelizwe akuchazwa kungekuphela nje ngenxa yokuba kubandakanya ukongeza kwishishini lenyukliya laseNjingane. Kodwa nendima ekhethekileyo "yegevolical", kuba ukuthengiswa kwe-reactors kunye nepetroli yenyukliya sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sempembelelo.
Impembelelo yeatomURosatom uyavuma ukuba yakha ama-35 amanqaku amatsha eatomic kumazwe ahlukeneyo ehlabathi. Ixabiso elipheleleyo lezi projekthi lingaphezulu kweebhiliyoni ezili-130 zeedola. Ngo-2020, uRosatom wacwangcisa ukusayina ikhontrakthi entsha yokwakhiwa kweUzbekistan, kodwa izicwangciso zithintele i-coronavic. Nangona kunjalo, ukubala okuzimeleyo kubonisa ukuba inani lezityalo zamandla zenyukliya ichithwe. Njengentwasahlobo ye-2020, i-rosatom yayineemvumelwano zokuyakha ngokupheleleyo okanye kwinxalenye ye-25. Kwaye iindleko zemvumelwano malunga ne-100 yezigidi zeedola. Nangona kunjalo, nokuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo izikhombisi ezisezantsi, i-rosatom ihlala inguyena mdlali omkhulu kwintengiso ye-NPPs entsha emhlabeni. IQumrhu likaRhulumente, ngokungafaniyo nabantu abakhuphisana nabo, liphantse labafikeleli kwimali yabarhafi baseRussia xa kufikwa kwimpembelelo yangaphandle. Iimali zigxininiswa phantsi kwepesenti esezantsi kakhulu kunezibhanki zorhwebo, kwaye ukubuyiselwa kwezi Ngxowulo kuya kuhamba ixesha elide ukuya kwixesha elide. Ngenxa yokuba iiprojekthi zihlala zimiliselwa kumazwe ahluphekayo, ezona ngqingqiweyo zawo azivumelanga inkxaso-mali yeProjekthi ye-NPP, amathemba okubuyiselwa imali etyalwe imali kwaye ayinabuhlungu ngokupheleleyo. Akumangalisi ukuba inzame yokutsala iiprojekthi zamandla eNyukhwe zangaphandle kuyo nayiphi na imali, engahambelani nabasemagunyeni baseRussia, kwinxalenye enkulu bayasilela. Ukuba icandelo lezoqoqosho lemisebenzi yamazwe aphesheya eRosatom iphakamisa imibuzo, emva koko ngokunxulumene "ne-geopolical" ngaphezulu okanye engacacanga. Iiprojekthi ze-NPP kumazwe ahluphekayo sisixhobo esisebenzayo esikuvumela ukuba udanise ukuxhomekeka kwiitekhnoloji yaseRussia, imali kunye noviwo. Ukuya kwinqanaba elincinci, ikwasebenza kumazwe "anobubele" baseRussia waseRussia.
Kwiminyaka eli-10 emva kweFushima, sazifumana kwihlabathi apho injineli yamandla yenyukliya iba ngakumbi nangakumbi. Amazwe asaphuhlayo enkosi eRosatom yaba yindawo yokugcwalisa umhlaba nge-geopolism yenyukliya ". Ngelixa amazwe aphuhlisayo ebandakanyeka ekuvaleni izityalo zamandla enyukliya kwaye, kwanakwiRashiya, uninzi lwawo lwakhiwa njengoko kufuneka endaweni yokuphumeza. Ukuba umamele iintetho zamagosa - senza ukubheja kumandla e-atomic. Ukuba ugwetywe ngokwemicimbi, kuyacaca ukuba amandla e-Atomic yeKremlin iba ngakumbi nangakumbi ngesixhobo sempembelelo yamanye amazwe, kwaye ukukhula kwayo kweli lizwe kuphuluke kakhulu. Le mpembelelo iya kuxabisa irhafu yaseRussia ayiyi-100 yezigidigidi kuphela kwisityalo samandla senyukliya sangaphandle. Okokuqala, i-rosatom ayizukuyeka. Okwesibini, ngaphandle kwamazwe ahluphekayo kuya kuthunyelwa kwelinye ilizwe eRussia ichithe ipetroli yenyukliya, enye yeentlobo zenkunkuma yenyukliya eye yaveliswa kwizityalo zamandla enyukliya. ERussia, njengaseNtshona, ukupheliswa kokuxhaphazwa kwezityalo zamandla ezindala, okuthetha inkunkuma yenyukliya kunye neendleko.
Iminyaka eli-10 ukuya kwengama-20 iza kuba lixesha leendleko ezinkulu kwiziphumo zokusebenzisa amandla iatom. Kunye nexesha lenani elikhula ngokukhawuleza lemingcipheko enxulumene nokuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma yenyukliya. Inani lezinto zokugcina liza kunyuka, oko kuthetha ukuba kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, kwaye umngcipheko wamanzi okuvuza komhlaba uya kunyuka. Sinethemba lokuba i-fukushima entsha ayiyi kongezwe kule micimbi kwenye yezinto zeRosatom Geolical. Ngaphandle koko kuya kufuneka uhlawule ngaphezulu oko.
Uluvo lombhali lungangqinelani nesikhundla soshicilelo lwamaxesha ngamaxesha.