Kukho izinyithi ezicetyiswayo ngokwezoqoqosho ukuba zivelise, xa zise-ore, umxholo wazo ufikelela kwi-10 ukuya kwe-20%, kwaye kukho ezo zinto ziyintyumelweyo ukusuka kwi-ores ngomxholo wale pesenti. Ezinye izinyibi zixabisa i-ruble ye-ruble kwi-filogram, ngelixa ezinye zinetyala elingaphezulu kwe-10,000 Gram. Kutheni le nto ezinye zezinyibilizi zixatyiswa kakhulu?
Ekuqaleni kobukho bempucuko yomntu, iintsimbi zaxabisa into yokuba izixhobo okanye izixhobo zinokwenziwa kubo, kwaye iinyithi ezixabisekileyo zazixatyisiwe njengendawo yokuhlawula indalo iphela. Kwakukho amaxesha apho isilivere yesona sinyithi sibizayo, kwaye kwenzeka ukuba iAluminium yayilixabiseke ngakumbi kunegolide.
Kodwa ukusukela kwi-Xix inkulungwane, ukuphuhliswa kwesayensi kunye netekhnoloji, ixabiso lentsimbi yabaphembelela ngamandla "kukungasebenzi kakuhle: ukuba lula intengo yexabiso eliphezulu Yiba sisidingo sabo ishishini.
Mhlawumbi sinokuthi zonke izinyithi ziye zaziva zixabisekile? Ezinye izinyithi, ukukhutshwa kwayo kuntsonkothileyo kunye nokuchitha ixesha, kwaqala ukusetyenziswa kwimveliso yobuninzi, ebangela ukwanda kwemfuno yabo, nayo, ingenisa ixabiso labo.
Umzekelo, i-catally yegesi yegesi, ebandakanya iplatinam kunye ne-Palladium, ikwimoto nganye ephezulu ye-Tech eyenziwe yiJapan okanye kumazwe aseNtshona Europhu. Kwaye iindleko zomntu ngamnye onjalo onjalo zingamashumi amashumi iwaka ruble, kwaye nyaka ngamnye izigidi ezininzi zezithuthi ziveliswa minyaka le emhlabeni.
Izinto ezingenamhlaba I-alloys kunye nabo bafumana amandla aphezulu, ukwenziwa kwengcaciso kunye nokuchasa.
I-Cerium, uLantn kunye ne-neodimium isetyenziswa ekuvelisweni kwee-elektroniki ze-elektroniki, ezinjengeetafile.
I-Lutertia isetyenziswa kwiskena oqeshelweyo.
I-tulia-kwizixhobo ze-X-ray eziphathwayo.
Kwi-laesers, i-Intrbium, i-Erbium, iTerbium, iYurophu ziyafuneka. Kwitekhnoloji yase-laser kunye nokwenza amagqwirha anamandla asetyenziswayo kwi-elecnecracracracract, abavelisi boMbane bezityalo zomoya, iGadalinium, iSariyodium, i-neodium, i-raseody kwaye i-raoseodym isetyenziswa kwitekhnoloji ye-rosekey.
Kwimveliso yephosphors - iYurophu neTerbium.
I-Ceriums isetyenziswa njengeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yokuqhekeka kwe-oyile kumashishini okuhlaziya ioyile.
I-Lantan iyafuneka kwimveliso yeebhetri kunye ne-oyile yeoyile ye-catalytic, kunye nokuveliswa kweglasi ngesalathiso esikhulu sokwenza umqatha.
I-Scandium-kwimveliso yezinto ezahlukeneyo ze-Aerospace.
I-Yttrium-kwizixhobo zesikhokelo kwishishini lomoya kunye neendlela eziphezulu ze-Supercond Ordedcondors.
Iintsimbi ezili-10 kakhulu:
- Kwindawo yeshumi sisilivere. Isetyenziselwa ubucwebe, njengomengikazi kwiimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu (inqwelo moya, i-cosmonautics, i-elektroni), kwifoto, kwimveliso esemgangatho ophantsi, ekuveliseni iibhetri. Ixabiso layo limalunga ne-50 ye-ruble ngegram.
- Indawo yesithoba sisikali. Ixabiso layo li-3-4 yeedola ngegram.
- Kwindawo yesibhozo yi-Rhenium. Ixabiso layo limalunga needola ezi-5 ngegram.
- Kwindawo yesixhenxe yi-rhenium. Ixabiso layo ziidola ezingama-7-8 ngegram.
- Kwindawo yesithandathu yi-osmay. Ixabiso layo liyi-12-17 yeedola ngegram.
- IPlatinam isendaweni yesihlanu. Ixabiso layo lingama-28-30 iidola ngegram.
- Kwindawo yesine yi-Iridium. Ixabiso layo ngama-47-50 iidola ngegram.
- Kwindawo yesithathu yigolide. Ixabiso layo ziidola ezingama-45-50 ngegram.
- Indawo yesibini yi-Palladium. Ixabiso layo limalunga ne- $ 60 GRAM.
- Esona sinyithi sibiza kakhulu - i-rhodium, ixabiso layo limalunga ne- $ 190 yegram. Isetyenziswe kwishishini lekhemikhali, ukwenziwa kwezibuko nezibane zentloko, kunye nejeloji. Ngexesha lonyaka, imigodi yeRhodium imalunga neetoni ezingama-30.
Ukuqala ukusuka kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-20, izinyithi zafunyanwa ngobuchule ngenxa yokuphendula kwenyukliya kwi-atomic reaccors zaqala ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yale mihla. Ngexesha lethu, ukusebenzisa kwabo kuhlala kunyuka, kodwa kuyabiza kakhulu, kubiza kakhulu kunezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Kwisitokhwe sezinyithi ezixabisekileyo abathengisi, ngokuchasene noko - ukuthengisa kwezintsimbi kuvunyelwe kuphela kwinqanaba le-Inate kunye nolawulo olungqongqo lwe-IAA.
I-OSM-187. Ixabiso legram enye ngama-200 eedola. Isetyenziswe njengeyona nto iphambili ekuphenduleni kwekhemikhali, kumayeza nangokwezixhobo zokulinganisa oluchanekileyo. Malunga ne-8 grembe yonyulwe ngonyaka; Elona lizwe lilinyibilika kulo iKazakhstan.
ICalifornia-252. Ixabiso legram enye zizigidi ezili-10 zeedola. Imigodi yonyaka zii-micrograms ezingama-30 ukuya kwengama-30. Isetyenziswe kumayeza kunyango lwe-radiation ye-Oncology, kunye nokufumana iziphene zangaphakathi zezixhobo kwi-Atomic Reactors kunye nenqwelomoya.
Kwangelo xesha, imfuneko yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba unyaka ukuya kunyaka ukuya kunyaka kuphela ukhula kuphela, olonyusa ixabiso labo. Kutshanje, i-Palladium ixabisa kakubi kunegolide, kodwa kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo wavuka izihlandlo ezininzi.
Ke, ukuba unengxaki apho ubeka khona imali yasimahla kangangeminyaka eliqela-mhlawumbi kuya kufuneka uthenge ikhilogram-enye i-Plalladium-enye okanye iPlatinam. Okanye uthenge i-neodiyoum-kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuye kwanda izihlandlo ezili-12, kwaye ixabiso layo laqala ukukhula nayo.
Umbhali-Igor Vadimov
Umthombo - Springzhizni.ru.