Ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesithandathu ku-Matshi, kulo nyaka kwiUnited States Maw Master Paultal 110 Ukusukela ngala mhla weyona nto imbi yemveliso ebalaseleyo kwihlabathi liphela - umlilo kumzi-mveliso we-Triangl. Olu suku luye lwaba sisiqalo ekwenzeni umthetho wezabasebenzi waseMelika, osebenza njengomzekelo kumazwe amaninzi. Kodwa e-United States, kusekho ukophulwa kwemithetho ekhusela abasebenzi, ngakumbi abafudukayo (eyenza uninzi lwamaxhoba omlilo).
Amaphephandaba alolo xesha abizwa ngokuba yimvula yabantu, ngenxa yokuba ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha samaxhoba aswelekayo ukuba angawi i-8 imizi-mveliso yaseManhattan: iingcango zavalwa kukhuseleko lweshishini Umkhombandlela wale ngxaki ukuze abasebenzi abakwazi ukwenza nantoni na. Uninzi lwamaxhoba lawo yayingabafazi, ubukhulu becala bancinci kakhulu, phakathi kwabo babengabancinci. Ininzi into enkulu yayingabafuduki okanye kuBukhosi baseRussia (amaJuda, ikakhulu ukusuka eBssarabia, apho ngelo xesha i-polish nephondo lasePoland), okanye ukusuka eIreland. Kungenxa yezinto ezithile zobuzwe bomlilo owileyo kumzi-mveliso owileyo, yayiyindawo ebalulekileyo ekumoyeni i-United States, emva koko yabizwa kamva i-thewomenon yanamhlanje Igama le "Jureish Uniforalion".
Isibakala sokuba abaninzi basweleke ngamini-nye, yayingeyonto ingaqhelekanga ngelo xesha. Ngokomyinge, abasebenzi abayi-100 basweleka yonke imihla ngo-1911. Kwakungaqhelekanga ukuba phantse bonke abasebenzi babengabafazi, phakathi kwabantu abancinci, kunye nenyaniso yokuba ukufa kwamaxhoba okuwela ekuphakameni kwenani elikhulu labantu. Ngenxa yoko, uluntu ngokubanzi okokuqala kangangexesha lokuqala abantu baseMelika abafunda malunga neemeko zomsebenzi kwiimveliso ezinjalo kunye notshintsho olufunekayo. Oku kubandakanya i-sundo kutyalo-mali lwezabasebenzi, kunye nezixhobo zeSebe loMlilo kunye namapolisa ase-United States, onokuthi ngokuzinikezela kwezenzo zabo, abakwazanga ukujongana nomgangatho wosindiso lwabantu Isakhiwo somzi-mveliso (iminatha yokuhlangula abantu abasuka kubude bakhawulezile, yinye intombazana kuphela esisindayo, izinyuko azizange zithathe kumgangatho we-8).
Ngaba lukhona utshintsho?Iminyaka eli-110 idlulile, kodwa umthetho wezabasebenzi eUnited States akazange alinde umbhiyozo opheleleyo wobulungisa. Ngelo xesha, amashishini amaninzi achasene notshintsho lowiso-mthetho, kuba babona isoyikiso somanyano lwabo. Umthetho utshintshile ukusukela ngoko, kodwa, ngexesha elidlulileyo, unjingalwazi wezopolitiko waseAmerican, i-Presersor yeHlabathi ye-Peter Peter Deder kwibhlog yakhe kwi-Huffington Post:
Nge-24 ka-Epreli, iminyaka esi-8 ukusuka kumhla wengozi yeRana Marks, ngenxa yokuba, ngokuwa kwesakhiwo esinemigangatho esisibhozo, ubukhulu becala ngaphezulu kwekhulu, kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-2500 yenzekile. Abakhuseli bamalungelo abasebenzi baqalisa kwangoko ukunxibelelana neenkampani ezigqiba izivumelwano nge-rana yokuthunga rana: i-walmart, i-vf. (umnini we-nautica, otyhidiweyo, iTiblerland, i-jansport kunye nabanye), iinkampani ezincinci kunye neenkampani ezincinci - zifuna ukuphuculwa kweemeko zomsebenzi zemvumelwano amajoni. Nangona kunjalo, iminyaka eyi-8 idlulile, kwaye lowo kwaye ngoku: Iinkampani zaseMelika zifuna ukugcina kwiindleko zeempahla eziveliswe kumazwe ehlabathi okwesithathu, kwaye zingangabinanga kukhuseleko lwabasebenzi. I-walmart enye yazisa abavelisi abancinci abancinci kwishishini okanye kuba bengakwazanga kwanelisa iimeko ezifunwa nguWalmart, kwaye ke ngoko abafumananga izivumelwano eziphambili zokuqhubeka neshishini, okanye ngenxa yesivumelwano kwaye saqonda ukuba inkathalo ayinakwenziwa Ezo meko (kubandakanya ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi). Kwilizwe lehlabathi lesithathu, umzekelo, iinkqubo zokucima umlilo zibandakanyiwe kudidi lweenkonzo ezongezelelweyo kubasebenzi apho iinkampani ezinkulu zaseMelika zinokusigcina khona.
Iimeko ze-Bangladesh eCaliforniaKwangelo xesha, kuya kuba kuphosakele ukuthi iimveliso zeinkampani zaseMelika zitshintshelwe ngaphandle kwe-bangladesh okanye kwiMalaysia kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu kunezinye amashishini aphezulu. Iimeko zomsebenzi wabasetyhini kwiifektri zenki zeAmerican, ngokwemibutho yamalungelo oluntu, ziye zaba ngcono kancinci kuneminyaka eli-110 eyadlulayo. Ke, kwiindawo zokuhlala kwindawo yeLos Angeles, bamalunga namawaka angama-45 abantu, uninzi lwabantu abafazi, kwaye bafunyanwa kwimveliso enye eqokelelweyo kunye neemveliso ezintathu ishumi Iimeko zokusebenza ziyakoyikisa ngemigangatho ye-United States: Emoyeni, uthuli oluphakathi, amagumbi okuhlambela akasuswa, i-rats iqhutywa kumgangatho womzi-mveliso. Ngeminyaka engama-110 eyadlulayo, abasebenzi bajongana nezisongelo kubaqeshi, abasebenza ixesha elide kakhulu kunye neentlawulo zomsebenzi-nangona bevelisa izixhobo zokuzikhusela kwidolophu yonke ICendemic Covid-19.
Ke ukuba abasebenzi bendawo yokuhlala bengadluliselwa kwilizwe labo malunga nolwazi olubi malunga nabaqeshi, banyanzelwa ukuba bathethe nezihlobo kuphela ngomnxeba kuphela ngeshishini okanye kwihostele, apho babhaliswa khona ngomguquleli. I-Lucy Gonzalez, ukufika kwale Guatemala, ivumela ukuba asebenze ngaphambili ngumqhubi womatshini wokuthunga, abasebenzi kufuneka banamathele kwitafile, kuba i-rat igubungela umphezulu. Kwenye indawo yokugcina izinto, uBrigadier wazama ukuthambeka emngxunyaneni, kodwa akazange abethe, kuba ungquzulwano lumbona umyeni wakhe. Iintsuku zesibhedlele azikaze zihlawulwe. Usuku olusebenzayo lukaLucy kuzo zonke iindawo zokugcina izinto, kubandakanya ngoku, uqala ngo-5.30 kusasa kwaye liphela nge-9 PM, i-RM, eyibhanti yeli lizwe, nangona umvuzo uyingeniso enesidima kwiGuatemala. Ngokuthetha ngokuqinileyo, ayiphezulu kakhulu kubasebenzi abafudukayo abavela kumazwe ase-Asia eAsia bafumana umsebenzi kwishishini le-moscow.
Kwingxelo ka-2016, iYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eLos Angeles, iYunivesithi yeZiko leLizwe leCalifornia eLos Angeles efunyanisiweyo e-Los Angelers efunyenwe ngaphezulu kwe-300 yabasebenzi bengubo yengubo e-Gaba: 72 Iipesenti zinike ingxelo yokuba uthuli luzonakalisa imisebenzi, i-60% yathi ukuqokelelwa kothuli kunye nobushushu obugqithisileyo kwi-ventilation yenze ukuba i-ERDelity yenze ukuba ivaliwe kwaye iphinde iphefumle, kwaye i-42% ibukele ubukho Iimpuku kunye neegundane ezimiweyo zazo (kukho iimeko zokujonga kwimithombo yefektri kunye neentaka, kodwa aziboniswanga kwingxelo).
Le ngxelo iqaphele ukuba iSebe lezabaSebenzi lase-US lafumana inqanaba le-85 pesenti yokwaphula imithetho yomthetho kunye nemithetho yezabasebenzi ekuthuzileni iifektri zeLos Angeles ngo-2016; Umthetho wanaphakade 21, iRoss kunye ne-TJ Maxix ihlala yaphulwa.
Kumazantsi e-United States, malunga ne-71% yabasebenzi kwi-crow kunye nokuthunga ngabaphambukeli, i-87% yomatshini wokuthunga ngabantu baseLatin baseMelika, kunye nama-60% epesenti kwicandelo lokuthunga - amabhinqa. Uninzi lwabo alunamaxwebhu. Ngobudlelwane bohlanga, isini kunye nenqanaba elisemthethweni, abanye abasebenzi bayoyika ukuziphindezela kubaqeshi babo - nokuba umthetho wabasebenzi kwicala labo. ENew York, apho babekhona kwiminyaka eli-110 eyadlulayo, umlilo kumzi-mveliso wase-Triangl, izalathiso zezantsi zisezantsi, nangona kunjalo, ishishini lendwangu kwaye eliseNyakatho, lisasekwe kumsebenzi wabafuduki.
Ngokwemithetho ye-US federal yase-US, abasebenzi ngokuzimeleyo kubumi banelungelo lokuqhekeza, ikhefu lokugula, intlawulo yexesha elongezelelweyo abanabasebenzi abangabhaliswanga abafezekiswanga. Kwangelo xesha, nabani na osebenza okungenani iyure kulo naliphi na ilizwe laseMelika, nokuba imeko yalo, kufuneka lifumane umvuzo omncinci.
IimbonoECalifornia, apho okona kuxhaphazwa kakhulu kwabafuduki, iNkqubo entsha enomxholo othi "UMthetho wokukhusela abasebenzi kwimveliso yokuthunga" yomthetho. " Nangona iBill ayizange yamkelwe yindibano kaRhulumente ngoSeptemba kulo nyaka uphelileyo, i-senator yelizwe laseMaria uDiana Dacio kunye namagqwetha kwakhona bayenza ibe yi-Senethi eyi-62 ngoDisemba. Ibhili entsha iyakhula imbopheleleko yabathengisi, iyakwalela ukuqhelisela inkqubo ye-pictions kwaye ivumela i-ofisi yeOmbudsman emhlabeni ukuze iphande ngokomsebenzi kwaye iwatsaleleke koku kubulungisa.
Iposwe ngu: I-Mamrits yaseRoma