Namhlanje, amaYuda anemo yawo, kwaye enye indawo yohlanga ihlala kwintsimi yamanye amazwe. Kodwa xa sele 'ngabasemzini' eYurophu, ngokholo lwabo, izithethe kunye nezithethe. Enye ihlala ingaqondakali, ethetha omnye umntu. Kungoko iimpawu ezininzi zokulwa nokuchasene neSemimitis, ezazivela kumaXesha Aphakathi. Kodwa lo mbuzo uphambili uhleli: Njengabantu abashiyileyo (Middle East), baye baba ngaphezu kweYurophu, kwaye kwezinye izixeko zobukumkani baseRussia ngenkulungwane ye-19 kwaye bade bafika ngaphezulu kwe-30 pesenti?
I-prehistory
Ekupheleni kwe-2 yenkulungwane, izizwe zaqalisa ukuma kwizizwe zaseSermiti. Yayingabantu bokuqala, ababekuwo umntu ozenzakileyo owamiswa - ukholo kuThixo omnye. Ngenxa yoko, abantu bafumana amagama amabini: amaJuda (njenge-ganos) kunye namaYuda (njengomphumo). Kungekudala, badala uBukumkani babo, abo balawula babo yayingaphambi kokuba uDavide noSolomon. Kwimeko yesiHebhere yayingalula: Ngaphandle kokungqubana kwangaphakathi, kukho ukungaboni ngasonye nabamelwane. Ekuqaleni, ama-Asiriya ahlasela uBukumkani bamaYuda, emva koko watshabalalisa iBhabhiloni yakudala. Sele ekupheleni kweMillenium yokuqala, uYuda yaba liPhondo laba uBukhosi baseRoma. Saqala ukushiya imihlaba sazo kwaye sihamba uhambo olude. Inxalenye yaya eMpuma, eIndiya ize e-Ezantsi-ntshona yeAsia, kwiCandelo-ukuya eMntla Afrika, emva koko i-Gibrapia eMpuma okanye emantla oBukhosi baseRoma.
Imbali ye-sefardov
Kwinkulungwane yama-7 -8, amaYuda aseMantla Afrika awela phantsi kwamandla eCaliphedi. Bafumana inkululeko ethile kunye nelungelo lokuzinza kwintsimi yaseYurophu, kwimihlaba yaseSpanish yanamhlanje. I-Spain ngolwimi lwamaYuda amandulo ibibizwa ngokuba yi "Sfarad", ngokulandelelana, eli qela lamaYuda laqalisa ukubiza ise seferd. Bathetha ngolwimi lwaseLadino, olwenziwa ngokwesiseko solwimi lwaseSpain. Ii-EVERI-عESS kumandla aseArabhiya zazibandakanyekile kwezorhwebo, zenza uluntu lwabo, zenziwe simahla. Ngexesha lokudibana, abantu baseSpain bakwazi ukuqhuba ama-Arabhu kwaye benze uBukumkani baseSpain. Emva kwe-1492, iSephada yamaYuda ifumene ummiselo: okanye ubuKristu buye bathatha, okanye bashiye iSpain.
Yaqala imihlaba yamaYuda, i-Outotion ikwatshabalalisa uluntu lwamaJuda. Inxalenye yeSfarddov ifile, kwaye icandelo lalingu-Ablum kuBukhosi base-Ottoman. Bavunyelwe ukuba bazinze kwiiBalkan, isixeko esingumGrike saseThessaloniki baba sisiseko se-sefardsov. Ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, uluntu lwamaYuda lwalapha lwalapha lwalungamaxhoba okuBulawa. Namhlanje kukho amaYuda angaphezu kwe-1.5 yezigidi emhlabeni, ongookhokho beSfardsov. Malunga nesiqingatha sihlala kwa-Israyeli, enesidima esikhulu - eFrance (malunga namawaka angama-300).
Imbali iAshkenazi
Ekuqaleni kokuphinda kwenziwe ngabantu, amanye amaJuda ePalestina afudukela kwimida yoBukhosi baseRoma. Kwakufuneka babelane naye emhlabeni ngezizwe zaseJamani. Enye inxenye yamaYuda yaba sisiteto esilimeleyo eKhazasta kaKazar Katanate, eyayikwi-Don kunye ne-Donga ye-10, iinkosana zaseRussia, i-Svyatoslav neVeladimir enkulu itshabalalisa amandla kaKhazare. Uninzi lwamaYuda aye entshona, enza eJamani. Ekupheleni kweminyaka emihlanu, isebe elahlukileyo lamaYuda, elasekwa i-Yiddis. Olu lwimi lwenziwa phantsi kwempembelelo yeJamani. Eli qela lamaYuda labizwa ngokuba yi "Ashkenazy", ekubeni kwiminyaka yokuqala ephakathi babiza ngokuba ngu "Ashkenaz". Kwinkulungwane ye-13 ukuya kwi-12 kwintshutshiso yamaYuda yaqalisa. Uninzi lwamaYuda angamaJuda aqalisa ukucela ikhusi ePoland. AmaYuda okuqala amatyala edumisa inkulu. AmaJuda ayengabathengisi, abaphathi bamagcisa, kwaye babehlala nabaphathi kumacandelo enkulungwane ye-16, malunga nama-80% amaYuda aseYurophu awayehlala ePoland. Ezona zesikhungu zikhulu yayiseKrakow, i-LVV, eGrodno, iWarsaw kunye nezinye izixeko. UVilniyo wabizwa ngokuba nguLithuya nakanye. Namhlanje kwi-Zholkva (I-Ukraine), iKraine yokuKhuselo ye-17 yenkulungwane igcinwe, ebonisa ukuba ngelo xesha, iindawo zokuhlala zamaYuda azizange ziphile ngokhuseleko. Kwanakwindawo yokuhlala. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, uninzi lwamazwe ePoland lwangenisa uBukhosi baseRussia. Ezweni lonke, "umonakalo we-smeal" wabanjwa - umgca awazange ashenxiswe kuwo. Ingenziwa inzame ngokubonisa amaYuda. Bafumene iifani zaseRussia, bahlala behlonelwa kwiindawo zokuhlala: Brodsky, Slutsky, njl. Elinye lawona mizi iphambili yamaYuda yayinguOdissa.
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, ubomi boBukhosi baseRussia baye basiba mandundu, ukubonakaliswa kwabantu abaninzi baka-Anti-Semimes, ii-poproms zaqala: "Bale-India"). AmaYuda ayenendlela ezintathu: ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe, umzabalazo wezopolitiko kunye nokuzama ukuhlala. Njengoko uNobel Laureate Semyson, i-United States okanye iPalestine, yayingusomashishini Kwaye umvuzo ophezulu wabavumela ukuba baphile ukhululekile. Emva kowe-1917, i-bourgeoisie yemvelaphi yamaJuda yashiya iRussia, yoyika iBolsheviks. Ezona zinto zinomdla kukuba imvelaphi yamaqela amaninzi kuBukhosi baseRussia ngabantu bobunye amazwe, nangona kunjalo, ukungena kwabo kwi-Serc okanye i-bolsheviks babonisa ukuba bayayeka "isiRashiya".
Umbuzo wamaYuda kwipolitiki yehlabathi
Kwinkulungwane yama-20, umbuzo wamaYuda waba lubalulekile kubantu behlabathi. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, uTheodore Herzl wayengowokuqala ukwenza imigaqo-siseko yeZiyonism - ubuzwe obungamaJuda. Injongo yakhe kukwakha uSirayeli. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ngo-1948, i-DARTIVIVIVIVE ubukho bakwa-Israyeli, ukubuyiselwa kwamaYuda kwaqala ukulishiya ilizwe ngokwembali. Kwangelo xesha, iimfazwe zaseArabhu zaqala ukulungiselela ilungelo lobunini bePalestine. AmaYuda ase-Yurophu aye ngamaxhoba okuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkani. Ezi yayizizo zombini i-ashkenazy kunye ne-se fard. UHitler akazange anikele ingqalelo kuyo, nokuba iAshkenazy yathetha i-yiddish, amagama athile ayecacile kumaJamani. Namhlanje asizukubona ihlabathi elikhethekileyo, lamaYuda laseYurophu, eliye laqulunquka kwizixeko ezininzi zoMbindi neMpuma Yurophu. Andiyiva i-Yeidsha, uninzi lwamaYuda athetha isiHebhere.