Igihe cyose ingendo zabaye ubumuga bujyanye na icyorezo, ibihumbi n'ibihumbi byabayeho mu kibuga cy'indege buri munsi. Ibi ni ibihe byiza byo gukora igitero cy'iterabwoba, kuko ahantu hamwe umubare munini wabantu bagiye. Muri ubwo buryo, kwibanda cyane kubantu ku ndege nini zongera umubare rusange mugihe uteye indege, nubushobozi bwo gukoresha indege nyabagendwa nkintwaro yica kubagizi ba nabi. Niyo mpamvu kugenzura umutekano ku bibuga byindege birakabije. Ariko ntabwo buri gihe, kandi tuzakubwira uburyo umutekano ahantu hashyigikiraga abantu benshi bateganya kujya mu ndege.
Inkomoko yikibazo
Mu gihe cyo kuva muri Gicurasi 1961, mu mpera z'umwaka wa 1972, hashyizweho imiti 159 yafashwe muri Amerika Ikirenge. Iki gihe gikunze kwita igihe cya zahabu cyo gusubira mu ndege. Bidatinze, impinduramatwara ya Cuba yo mu 1959, abashinyaguzi batangiye gusaba ko abaderevu bafashe indege bagurutse muri Cuba, ibyo birometero 1518 uvuye ku nkombe za Amerika. Abenshi muri bo bizeraga ko bazabona ko ari intwari za revolution, Fidel Castro azabazirikana, kandi nta gihano kizahanwa.
Ibyifuzo byabaye kenshi kuburyo interuro "injyana muri Cuba!" Guhindurwa mu gishushanyo cya Monti Paitton. Ariko Fidel ntabwo yihutiye guhunganya, abonye amahirwe yo gusuzugura guverinoma y'Amerika, yemeye gutaha indege y'indege ku madolari 7.500.
Niki?
Guverinoma ya Amerika yemeje ko igihe cyo guhitamo ikintu runaka, kuko ibintu byatangiye kugaragara. Hariho igitekerezo cyo kubaka verisiyo yimpimbano yikibuga cyindege cya Havana muri Florida yepfo, kugirango indege yibwe yagezeyo. Ariko umushinga wari uhenze cyane, wongeyeho abashimusi ntibashobora kuba ibicucu rwose kandi batandukanijwe na Cuba baturutse muri Amerika.
Igitekerezo cyo gutsinda cyane cyatijwe muri gahunda ya gisirikare ya Amerika na Gereza. Ibyingenzi byacyo byari ugukoresha ibyuma cyangwa x-ray ibikoresho byo kugenzura abagenzi bose. Ubu buhanga butandukanye bumaze gukoreshwa muri gereza nyinshi zubutegetsi no mubigo bya gisirikare byibanga. Ariko ishami rishinzwe indege zishinzwe indege (FAA) ryanze icyo gitekerezo, kubera ko, ingamba nkizo zaba zagize ingaruka mbi zo mumitekerereze kubagenzi.
Ingamba za mbere zafashwe
Ubwa mbere, indege yemejwe ko byaba ari byiza kubahiriza ibyifuzo byose byabashimusi kugirango bagabanye urugomo nyuma yo gufata indege. Intego yari iyo gutuza gushinyagurira vuba kandi kubabara kandi nta bubabare, ariko nta ngaruka nziza.
Faa noneho yafashe icyemezo cyo guhindukirira ikindi gitekerezo - gusuzuma imyitwarire hamwe nisura. Abahanga mu by'imitekerereze batangiye gushyira mu bikorwa abagenzi bashingiye ku biranga nko gukura, kudashobora gukomeza guhuza ibitekerezo, ndetse no guhangayikishwa n'imizigo yabo. Iyo umuntu yitwaye bidasanzwe, yaherekejwe mucyumba gitandukanye cyo kugenzura no kugenzura hamwe na statector.
Ubu buryo busa nkaho bwizewe cyane, ariko kubusa. Mu 1986, birashoboka kubara "igisasu kizima" cya Mariya-Ann Murphy, watwaye ibisasu biriho. Umukobwa ntabwo yahuye no gusenyuka kw'iterabwoba. Ariko muri Irilande yo muri Irilande-Umugatoni-Umugatolika yari atwite, yasimbutse gato, asubiza ikibazo kijyanye n'imizigo n'umurimo w'itegeko byashoboye kumenya iterabwoba.
Igishimishije, abagenzi ubwabo bashyigikiye ingamba nkizo kandi ntibakunze kwanga ikizamini. Igihe nyuma baje gusuzugurwa, benshi basubije ko bishimiye gusa kumenya ko amaherezo yakorewe kugira ngo bakumike. Ariko, mugihe, kwitondera amakuru aracogora, kandi iki gipimo nkisoko yonyine yumutekano ntiyari ihagije.
Gukomera sisitemu yo kugenzura
Byari nkenerwa kuzana icyemezo cyiza, hanyuma abantu bose bibukwa kubyerekeye amahitamo afite ibyuma na X-ray ibikoresho. Ku ya 17 Nyakanga 1970, ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Orleans gishya muri Louisiana cyabaye ikibuga cy'indege cya mbere cyatangiye gukoresha magnetometero kugira ngo babone intwaro cyangwa ibyuma bisanzwe hamwe na cheque isanzwe y'abagenzi.
Kuva ku ya 5 Mutarama 1973, igenzura rusange ry'abagenzi ryatangijwe, kandi buri wese yagombaga kunyura mu ibyuma by'ibyuma, ndetse no gutanga umufuka wo kugenzura. Nyuma, nyuma yumwaka wasohotse amategeko akwiye yumutekano wo gutwara abantu. Gushuka indege byagize ibyago byinshi kuruta imyaka 50 ishize. Ingamba z'umutekano zagabanije cyane umubare w'ibyaha nk'ibi, ariko, ishyano, ntabwo yakuyeho burundu ibyago.
Ibindi "Kugoreka imbuto"
Nyuma y'amakuba ateye ubwoba kubera Lockerm mu 1988, igihe igitero cy'iterabwoba cyaguye abantu 270, abantu benshi bitangiye kwishyurwa imizigo y'abagenzi. Ikigaragara ni uko igisasu kiri mu mwenda 747 cyaguye muri Scotland cyari mu mizigo, yanyuze muri X-ray! Ariko uburangare bw'inshinjabyaha no kutajugunya serivisi z'umutekano byatumye habaho ibyago.
Nyuma y'igitero cy'iterabwoba ku ya 11 Nzeri, politiki y'imiryango ifunze muri cockpit y'abaderevu yatangiye gukorerwa cyane, no guhagarika ibintu bikaze mu ntoki kandi byakozwe na bo ubwanyo. Ndetse na nyuma, nyuma yo kugerageza kunanirwa gutesha agaciro indege hamwe nubututsi buturika, ibibujijwe kuri insinga yamazi mu kabati byatangijwe.
Igenzura ryinzego byoroshye cyane kubuza ikintu cyose niyo gifite akaga kuruta kumara umwanya munini kuri cheque yuzuye muri byose nibintu byose. Isosiyete y'indege irashobora kandi kumvikana, cyane ko usibye umutekano, bashaka kugabanya umurongo nigihe cyo kunyura cheque zose.
Buri gihe hariho ikibazo gikaze cyo kuzigama uburinganire hagati yubahiriza ingamba zumutekano nibibazo byabagenzi no kubungabunga ubuzima bwabo bwite. Akenshi, abantu bahatirwa kwicara amasaha mubyumba byo gutegereza bafite ibyiringiro ko bazinjira mu gihugu, cyangwa bareba uko bakura mubintu byabo. Uburyo buteye isoni cyane, ariko mubihe nkibi ntakintu. Birababaje cyane ko ibyo bikorwa byose byerekanwa ingamba zumutekano. Ariko twese dukeneye kwihanganira ibibera, kuko ari igenzura ryuzuye rikora indege uburyo bwizewe bwo gutwara abantu kwisi.