Kimwe mu bisabwa na sisitemu ya bologna, aho Uburusiya bwifatanije mu 2003 - icyitegererezo cy'icyiciro cya kabiri cy'amashuri makuru, gihuye n'umwanya umwe w'uburezi bw'Uburayi: Umunyeshuri mu mashuri. Urwego rushya rwo gushiraho rugenda nabi kandi rutera gushidikanya kurwego rwurutonde rwabanyeshuri barangije. Reka dusuzume muburyo burambuye kandi itandukaniro muri sisitemu.
Ariko ubanza, reka tubimenye hamwe nigitekerezo kizwi cyane cya "inzobere", gishinze imizi mu myumvire y'abakoresha bifuza kubona "ibicuruzwa byarangiye", bishobora kurwanywa n'akarere runaka, muri ukurikije umwihariko.
Inzobere (Umwihariko)
Noneho turashobora kuvuga ku by'inzobere mu gihe cyashize, kubera ko kuvugurura amashuri makuru mu Burusiya byatumye habaho uru rwego rw'amahugurwa "ku mugongabo z'amateka".
Muri sisitemu y'Abasoviyeti, kaminuza za kaminuza zikoze uruhare runini mu gutegura inzobere. Gahunda zahoraga zitera imbere, zigaragaza ibyagezweho na siyansi, kandi akenshi iterambere rya kimwe muri kimwe cyabaye ishingiro ry'umuteguro w'ikigo gishinzwe.
Kaminuza yarangije kaminuza, usibye gahunda yihariye, yakiriye ubumenyi bwibanze kumwanya ukwiye yatanze amahirwe yo kubona akazi munganda zijyanye na / cyangwa kwishora mubikorwa bya siyansi.
Umuntu wese yashoboraga kwinjira muri kaminuza nyuma yo gutsinda ibizamini byo mu kanwa no kwandika yanditse hamwe nirushanwa kumpapuro cyangwa impamyabumenyi y'amashuri ya tekiniki. Abarangije igihe cyose, ako kanya nyuma ya kaminuza irangiye, yagiye ku kazi - Akazi kari mu kigero, ndetse n'amahugurwa ku buntu, rwemejwe na Leta.
Mugereranije, umunyeshuri yagize amahirwe yo kumenya ubundi buryo bwihariye, kubera ko amasomo atatu yambere yize reanse shingiro kubyerekezo byatoranijwe. Sisitemu yemerewe gutegura byoroshye inzobere mugari. Indero nziza muri buri kaminuza yari: siyanse mbonezamubano, siyanse rusange (urufatiro rudasanzwe), icyerekezo kidasanzwe, ubundi buryo bwo kwiga umubiri. Muri za kaminuza, hari amashami yo guhugura igisirikare. Abahawe impamyabumenyi muri za kaminuza z'Abasoviyeti, usibye umwuga, wakiriye ubumenyi bukenewe kugirango akurweho no kwiteza imbere, gusabana neza cyangwa kubaka umwuga mu nzego z'ubuyobozi.
Amahugurwa muri kaminuza Yakomeje imyaka 5-6, bitewe n'ubuyobozi no mu buryo bugoye bwo kwitegura. Guhera kumasomo 3-4, abanyeshuri bategura amasomo kuri disipulini yahisemo (umwihariko), igizwe nigice gifatika kandi gifatika, kandi mumwaka ushize - banze gutanga amakuru yo gutanga impamyabumenyi. Inyisos irashobora gukomeza ibikorwa byubushakashatsi mu ishuri ryangiza, ibikoresho bye byari bishingiye ku masomo y'umuganga iyo abarangije bahisemo umwuga wa siyansi.
Urwego runini rwabayeho muri ikigo - kuri kimwe mu byumwirondoro bidasanzwe: guhitamo umwuga byari bigarukira ku bushobozi bukwiye. Amashuri makuru ya kabiri arashobora kuboneka adahari. Abanyeshuri bo mu buryo bwandikirana bwo guhugura no kwerekeza ku kazi ntibakiriye. Akenshi, abakozi bateye imbere boherejwe kwiga bava muri Enterprises: hashyizweho ikigegazo cy'ubuyobozi bw'abakozi.
Ubwiza bw'uburezi mu ishuri ryisumbuye ry'Abasoviyeti bwashimangiwe no guhitamo neza abasaba ku buntu, intego yabo, kwiga siyanse y'ibanze ihuza umusaruro.
Ingaragu na mageri
Ubwa mbere, kubyerekeye itandukaniro ryibanze ryamahugurwa mumashuri yisumbuye yiburengerazuba, yashizeho mubihe bya societe capitaliste.
Muburengerazuba, amashuri makuru - uburenganzira bwimiterere yabaturage. Kubwibyo, sisitemu, harimo Bologna, yashinzwe mubucuruzi. Amashuri makuru mumahanga atanga umubare usabwa abakozi babishoboye, hamwe nubushobozi busanzwe bukenewe bwubushobozi nubuhanga bwo gukora imirimo yihariye yabigize umwuga.
Kubwibyo, ijambo ryo kwiga muri kaminuza zo mu burengerazuba, nk'amategeko, rikamara imyaka irenga 4, kandi amaherezo arangije guhabwa impamyabumenyi y'amasomo. Gahunda y'amahugurwa yagabanyijemo ibice 3. Muri kiriya gihe, mumyaka ibiri yambere, utitaye kubyerekeranye natoranijwe, abanyeshuri bashakisha gahunda isanzwe, hanyuma inyandiko. Imyaka 2 iri imbere ni ubushakashatsi bwigitekerezo cyihariye, mubyukuri - ibice byabo, byihariye. Kurutonde rwibi byize - Biteganijwe hamwe nubundi buryo (byize kuva umwaka wambere). Mu masomo ya 3-4, abanyeshuri bo muri kaminuza zo mu mahanga bahuguwe bakurikije gahunda ku giti cye, yashushanyije hashingiwe ku byo bakundana ndetse n'ubushobozi bwayo bwatoranijwe bwishyuwe ku giciro cyihariye).
Ibikorwa byuburezi no gutanga umusaruro ntibitangwa, ariko abanyeshuri, niba bifuzaga, birashobora kuyandika hashingiwe kuri "gahunda ya koperative". Ibi bivuze ko amahugurwa yumunyeshuri nayo ategekwa kwishyura. Muri uru rubanza, igihe cyo guhugura kwari ukunguriwe imyaka 5, cyangwa mu myaka irenga 4, kubera kugabanuka cyane mu biruhuko.
Niba ugereranya sisitemu ya bologna ifite sovieti, urwego rwubumenyi rwumuyobozi uhuye nurwego rwa 3-4 (ni ukuvuga inzobere hamwe nishuri ritanduye). Nanone, impamyabumenyi ya bachelor iragereranywa n'ubumenyi bw'amashuri makuru cyangwa kaminuza, nubwo aba nyuma bahabwa amahugurwa meza.
Icyiciro cya nyuma cyo kwiga ni amahugurwa yimyaka ibiri hamwe ninshingano yo kwiga umutware ahwanye nuwarangije wakiriye umwihariko muri kaminuza ya Soviet.
Iyo amahugurwa mu mufasha wawe, abanyeshuri bagabanijwemo amatsinda 3 asanzwe:
- "Abanyeshuri basanzwe" - bagamije kumva inzira yuzuye no kubona impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga;
- "Abanyeshuri basabwa - bafite imyenda y'amasomo batabemerera gushimirwa umufasha wo gukuraho burundu" umurizo ";
- Ati: "Abanyeshuri badasanzwe" ntibasaba impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga, ariko bashaka kumenya ubumenyi bwimbitse kuri imwe mu disipuline.
Mugihe cyamahugurwa mubucamanza, umunyeshuri "yifata ku mujyanama", cyangwa umugenzuzi, aho gahunda ku giti cye ikururwa kugirango yongererane no kurengera icyisa (cyangwa umushinga).
Umubano urangirana nibizamini binyuranye, kimwe nihariye. Intego ye ni ukumenya umwihariko muto. Abahawe impamyabumenyi ya Shebuja, nk'ubutegetsi, komeza wigarurire ibikorwa byubushakashatsi.
UMWANZURO
Amashuri Makuru mu Burengerazuba yibanze ku iterambere ryigenga ry'ubumenyi. Umubare w'inyigisho ntagereranywa cyane kuruta uko watangwaga mu mashuri yisumbuye ya Soviet. Kubwibyo, ubujyakuzimu bwubumenyi bwungutse kandi gahunda kugiti cye cyatoranijwe nabanyeshuri batera intanga ngoremo nkumutoza winzobere.
Byongeye kandi, sisitemu ya bologna, ahanini ihuza na gahunda zigenga zabanyeshuri, ntabwo ifitanye isano na gahunda rusange z'uburezi mu mashuri y'Abarusiya, kubera ko uruhare runini mu gutegura abarimu muri bo bahabwa umwarimu.
Bitewe no gutera sisitemu ya bologna mumwanya wuburezi wu Burusiya, abayobozi bamwe batangwa no kwishyurwa amashuri yishuri ryishuri, batanga abana benshi kwigenga mumahugurwa, cyangwa igice cyumurimo wa mwarimu kugirango bahindukire kubabyeyi babo.
Ni muri urwo rwego, havuka ababyeyi, ababyeyi, muri uru rubanza, kugira ngo bakore imyitozo idasanzwe kuri pedagogy, psychologiya no kwigisha uburyo bwo kwigisha? Kuki noneho ukeneye ishuri niba buri muryango uzagira umwarimu wabo? Ikibazo cyo guha abana nubwigenge bwinshi, wenda, ntidushobora kubazwa: Ubwa mbere, kandi, icya kabiri, abana b'ishuri ntibushobora kumenya inshingano zuzuye nkubumenyi bwingenzi mugihe kizaza.