Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri kuti chithandizire, kuteteza kudziko lakwawo, pa par ndi chida, mkate umakhalabe moyo wa Meryo. Chitsimikizo chowala ichi ndi nkhondo yayikulu kwambiri yokonda dziko la dziko.
Zaka zapita zaka zambiri ndipo padzakhala mabuku ambiri okhudza nkhondo adzalembera, koma, kubwerera m'mutuwu, n'chifukwa chiyani Russia idakana m'mphepete mwa phompho ndipo adapambana? Kodi nchiyani chinamuthandiza kubwera ku chigonjetso chachikulu?
Zabwino kwambiri mwa anthu awa omwe adapereka asitikali athu, ankhondo, okhala m'malo okhala zakudya, makamaka mkate ndi mkate.
Ngakhale zovuta zazikulu, dziko mu 1941-1945. Adapereka antchito kumbuyo kwa mkate, nthawi zina kuthetsa ntchito zovuta kwambiri zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusowa kwa zinthu zosaphika ndi malo opangira.
Kuphika mkate woberana, malo opangira anthu nthawi zambiri anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuphika, komwe kunali khungu komanso mchere. Malamulo a magulu ankhondo adachitidwa patsogolo, makamaka popeza mkate udaphikidwa pang'ono, ndipo mphamvuzo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zaulere.
Komabe, kupatula zina. Chifukwa chake, mu 1941, zida zakomweko zimayang'ana pa malangizo a Rzzhevian zikusowa, ndipo zobisika za mkate kuchokera kumbuyo zinali zovuta. Kuti athane ndi vuto la ntchito zowonjezera, adaganiza zophunzitsira zakale zopanga ziweto zakunja kuchokera ku zida zotsika mtengo - dongo ndi njerwa.
Pachipangizo cha ng'anjo, dothi ladongo limafunikira ndi mchenga komanso nsanja yokhala ndi malo otsetsereka kapena kuya kwa 70 mm. Ng'ombe zoterezi nthawi zambiri zimamangidwa maola 8, kenako maola 8-10 zidauma, pambuyo pake panali kukonzekera kuphika mpaka makilogalamu 240 a mikate 5.
Kutsogolo ngati mkate wa 1941-1943.
Mu 1941, adali pafupi ndi Verkhovaya Volga. Pansi pa bank yamphepete mwa mtsinje wa kugwedeza kukhitchini, dzuwa lidali. Apa, mu miyezi yoyamba ya nkhondo, dziko lapansi linapangidwa (anali kukhazikitsidwa makamaka pansi) Ng'ani yaphika. Ng'anjoyi inali mitundu itatu: dothi wamba; adadodoma mu dongo; Wokhala ndi njerwa. Anaphika kwambiri komanso osowa ndalama. Komwe zidatheka, uvuni udapangidwa ndi dongo kapena njerwa. Mkate wakutsogolo-wozungulira wophikidwa wophikidwa pa ophika ndi ma consice ophika.
Nkhondo za ku Moscow zidauzidwa momwe m'mbiriri, wotsogolerayo adagawirana ndi asitikali okhala ndi mkate wotentha, womwe sunabweretse ku bwato (ngati agalu osungirako za Chipolishi). Wotsogola anali atathamanga, zobiriwira, zabuluu, zofiirira, zofiirira zofiirira pamwamba pake. Migodi idathamangira pafupi. Asitikali, a ambulansi "adayesa mkate ndi kutola ndi tiyi, wokonzekera kuwukiranso ...
Membala wa Rzhevskaya Actress v.a. Sukhuskyky amakumbukira kuti: "Pambuyo pa nkhondo yolimbana, gawo lathu mu kasupe wa 1942 linatengedwa kupita ku mudzi wa Kapkovo. Ngakhale kuti mudzi uno unali wochotsedwa ku nkhondo, koma mlanduwo unagona mopanda malire. Chakudya, tinkayala msuzi, komanso azimayi osuta, amabwera kwa iye Rzhevsky mkate, wophika kuchokera mbatata ndi zina. Kuyambira lero, tinali ndi mpumulo. "
Kodi Mkate wa Rzhevsky adakonzedwa bwanji? Mbatata zinaphika, kuyeretsedwa, kudutsa mu chopukusira nyama. Adatulutsa misa pa bolodi, adakhazikika. Anasilira, mchere, mwachangu amadana ndi mtanda ndikuyikamo mitundu yamadzozo yomwe idayikidwa mu uvuni.
Mkate "Wokhumudwitsa"
Mu nkhondo yayikulu ya dziko la dziko la dziko la dziko la dziko la dziko la dziko la dziko la dziko la dziko la dziko lapansi. Adasowa. Panali ufa wosalala, ndipo ufa wa barele unkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pophika mkate wa omenyera nkhondo. Makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito ufa wa barele unapezeka mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokonzedwa pa zakvask. Chifukwa chake, mkate wa rye, womwe unali wa ufa wa barele, sunakhale wotsika kwambiri mu rkyani. Kukonzekera kwa ufa wotayirira ndi ufa wosakaniza wa barele kwambiri mu njira yaukadaulo sikunafunikire. Mpaka ndi zowonjezera ufa wa barele anali wonenepa kwambiri.
"Buledi"
Mu Julayi-Seputembara 1941, asitikali a Fascist adafika kunja kwa Leningrad ndi Ladoga Lake, amatenga mzinda wamiliyoni miliyoni ku mphete ya Bloctiase. Ngakhale kuvutika, kumbuyoku kunawonetsa zodabwitsa, kulimba mtima, kukonda zinyalala. Dzulo leningrad sanali kusiyanasiyana. Kuonetsetsa kuti asirikali ndi anthu amzindawo omwe amaphika mkate, ndipo atachita bungwe, utoto wake unayamba ku Lenanirad pa "njira" yochokera.
A.n. Yukhnevich - wokalamba kwambiri wa Bakeji ya Leinrad - adauza ku Moscow School №128 paphunziro la mkate pa brockesed: 10-12% - ndiye rye - keke- ufa- Keke, ufa ndi zida ndi pansi, cellulose ya magazi, singano. Ndendende 125 g ndi kuchuluka kwa tsiku ndi tsiku ya mkate woyera.
Mkate kwakanthawi
Anthu am'deralo okhala ndi madera okhala adapulumuka ndipo adadzuka, ndizosatheka kumva ndikuwerenga popanda misozi. Zakudya zonse mwa anthu zinatenga Asiscis, zobisika ku Germany. Mayi waku Ukraine, amayi a ku Russia ndi Belarian adadwala okha, koma ochulukirapo - kuwona kuzunza ana awo, achibale awo ndi odwala, asitikali atavulala.
Zomwe amakhala, zomwe zimadya - kunja kwa mibadwo yapano. Mmera aliyense wamoyo, nthambi yokhala ndi mbewu, mankhusu kuchokera masamba oundana, zinyalala ndi kuyeretsa - zonse zidayamba bizinesi. Ndipo nthawi zambiri ngakhale kocheperako kunapezeka ndi mtengo wa moyo wa munthu. M'zipatala pamagawo omwe ali m'magawo omwe amangidwa ndi Ajeremani, asitikali ovulalawo adapatsidwa ma spoons awiri a mapira masitepe patsiku (mkate sanali). Yophika "grout" kuchokera ku ufa - msuzi mu mawonekedwe a Jeli. Msuzi wochokera pa Pea kapena barele wa anthu anjala anali tchuthi. Koma chinthu chofunikira kwambiri - anthu adataya mwachizolowezi komanso makamaka kwa mkate wokondedwa. Palibe miyeso yosiyidwa izi, ndipo kukumbukira kwawo kuyenera kukhala m'nthawi ya mbadwa.
"Mkate" wa misasa yachinyengo
Malinga ndi zomwe adachita kale ku Anti-Fastem, munthu wolumala wa gulu D.i. Ivanishcheva kuchokera ku Novozybkov Bryansk Dera: "Mkate wa Nkhondo Sungasiye munthu aliyense wopanda chidwi ndi aliyense wankhondo - njala, kuzizira, kupezerera, kuvutikira.
Ndinali ndi chikondwerero cha tsoka chidayenera kudutsa misasa yambiri ya Hitler ndi ndende zozunzirako anthu. Takamizidwa ndi ndende zozunzirako, dziwani mtengo wa mkate ndikugwada kwa iye. Chifukwa chake ndidasankha kuuza china chake chokhudza mkate wa akaidi ankhondo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti Anazi amaphika akaidi a ku Russia a nkhondo yapadera yankhondo pamphikidwe.
Amatchedwa "Austen-Brod" ndipo anavomerezedwa ndi utumiki wa chakudya chazakudya m'magulu (Germany) pa Disembala 21, 1941 "kwa Russins okha".
Nayi Chinsinsi Chake: Beet Beets ndi 40%, 8%, 30%, 20%, ma cellulose ochokera ku akaidi ankhondo ndi "mkate" wotere.
Mkate ndi Mkate
Pa malangizo aboma, kupanga mkate kwa anthu kukhazikitsidwa mu mikhalidwe yayikulu ya zinthu zophika. Moscow Testnology Institute ya malonda azakudya zapanga njira yogwirira ntchito, yomwe madongosolo apadera, madongosolo, malangizo omwe adawongolera, malangizo adawonetsedwa m'mitu ya kusonkhana. Pansi pa malo osakwanira, mbatata ndi zina zowonjezera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuphika mkate.
Mkate wolowera kutsogolo nthawi zambiri umaphika thambo. Msilikari wa magawano a Donbass I. Sergeev adati: "Ndinena za wophika wankhondo. Mkate unali 80% ya mphamvu zonse zankhondo. Mwanjira ina kunali kofunikira kupereka mashelufu kwa maola anayi. Adayendetsa pa pad, adayeretsa chipale chofewa ndipo nthawi yomweyo, pakati pa chipaletso, ng'anjoyo idakulungidwa kukhothi. Adasefukira, ndikuwumitsa ndi mkate wophika. "
Zouma zouma
Momwe amakukhaliretu. Kwa ife, ichi ndi nsomba zomwe cholinga chake ndi mowa. Voblu (pazifukwa zina, Taran idatchedwa), idaperekedwanso pamakhadi. Anali wamchere kwambiri komanso wamchere kwambiri. Ndinaika nsombazo osayeretsa mu saucepan, kutsanulira madzi otentha, otsekeka ndi chivindikiro. Nsombayo imayenera kuyimirira mpaka kuzizira kwathunthu. (Mwina, ndibwino kuchita usiku, koma sikuti ndi chipiriro chokwanira.) Ndiye mbatata sikuti ndi chiphiphiritso. Wodetsedwa ndi spruce ndi mbatata.
Pea msuzi
Kuyambira madzulo adatsanulira nandolo m'madzi ndi madzi. Nthawi zina nandolo amathiridwa limodzi ndi phala la ngale. Tsiku lotsatira, nandolo inafuula kukhitchini yankhondo ndi kuphika. Pomwe nandolo adaphika, anyezi ndi kaloti adapyora mu saufun pa mafuta. Ngati palibe kuthekera kuchita roaster, atagona. Pamene Pea adakonzekera, mbatata zidawonjezeredwa, kenako wogulitsayo adayikidwa ndipo mphodza adayikidwa.
"Makalovka"
Njira nambala 1 (yangwiro) FROWANI WODZIPEREKA kwambiri kapena wosweka, anyezi adawotchera poto (ngati mungathe kuwonjezera kaloti), pomwepo panali mphodza, madzi pang'ono adawonjezedwa kwa chithupsa. Chakudya chonga ichi: nyama ndi "magombe" adagawika ndi kuchuluka kwa ogula, komanso kusinthana makali mikate ya mkate, kotero mbale imatchedwa kwambiri.
Nambala ya manambala 2Bies onenepa kapena mafuta osaphika, kuwonjezera anyezi wokazinga (monga mu Chiplo yoyamba), kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi, kubweretsedwa ndi chithupsa. Kunkhal monga 1 njira imodzi.
Ana a Nkhondo
Nkhondo inali yankhanza, wamagazi. Phiri lafika kunyumba iliyonse komanso banja lililonse. Abambo akuchoka kutsogolo, abale, ndipo anawo adakhala okha, amagawanikana ndi kukumbukira kwa A.S. Vidina. - "M'masiku oyamba a nkhondo anali ndi zokwanira chakudya. Ndipo, pamodzi ndi amayi, iwo anayenda spikes, mbatata zovunda, mwanjira inayake. Ndipo anyamatawa anali kuyimirira kwambiri kuchokera kumakina. Sanapeze makinawo ku chogwirira ndikulowetsa mabokosi. Maola 24 tsiku lililonse zipolopolo. Nthawi zina ndikukhala usiku m'mabokosi awa. "
Ana ankhondoyo mwachangu kwambiri anachititsa kuti asathandize makolo okha, komanso kutsogolo. Akazi omwe adatsalira opanda amuna, onse adachita chilichonse kutsogolo: MiTtens yoluka, zovala zamkati. Osagona pambuyo pawo ndi ana. Adatumiza marope a zomwe zojambula zawo zidamangidwa, kulankhula za moyo wamtendere, pepala, mapensulo. Ndipo msirikali atalandira chiphaso chonchi, analira ... koma adamlimbikitsa ... Ndipo adadziuzira: Asitikali omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri amalowa kunkhondo, kuti amenye asisala akugwidwa.
Mutu wakale wa sukulu №2 V.S. Bolotski adauza momwe adakokera kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo. Mu Ekelon woyamba, sanapeze makolo ake. Pambuyo pake aliyense adazindikira kuti adaphulitsidwa. Ndi Echenen wachiwiri, banjali lidasamutsidwa ku UDUTHITA "moyo wa ana omwe adasamutsidwa anali ovuta kwambiri.
Ngati am'derali akadali ndi china, ndiye kuti tidadya zilonda zam'mimba, "adatero Valentina Sergeevna. Anauza momwe mbale yomwe amakonda kwambiri ana ankhondo anali: m'madzi owira, adakhazikitsa mbatata yoyaka yoyaka. Uwu unali yummy wotere! "
Ndipo kamodzinso za mtundu wa asirikali, chakudya ndi maloto .... Zikumbukiro za Nkhondo Yazikulu Yachikulu Yoyang'anira Dziko Lapansi:
G. Kuznetsov: "Nditafika pa Julayi 15, 1941 mu gulu, ndiye wophika wathu, kupitirira tebulo, adandithira phala la buckwheat ndi salm. Sanadye chilichonse chokoma
I.SHilo: "Mu Nkhondo, nthawi zonse ndimakhala ndikulakalaka ndi mkate wakuda: ndiye kuti nthawi zonse ankasowa. Ndipo zokhumba ziwiri zinali: Kutentha (mu msirikali kunkhondo pafupi ndi mfuti nthawi zonse pamakhala phokoso) inde
V.SSHshdin, Wapampando wa Board of Enterans ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yachiwiri:
Pankhondoyo, njalayo idazolowera ngati imfa komanso loto losatheka m'mawu a lero lingapereke chidutswa cha nkhuku, kapu ya dzira la barele, chakudya Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofanana ndi moyo wamunthu ndikuyamikiridwa pazida ndi zida zankhondo ...