Ponena za malo a Space Telescopes, anthu ambiri amakumbukira chimbudzi, ngakhale zaka zambiri zapitazi zatumiza mishoni yambiri yayikulu kukhala malo. Chinsinsi chimodzi chosangalatsa kwambiri - "chipewa" chodziwika bwino, koma chopambana, chokhazikitsidwa ndi Soviet Union zaka 38 zapitazo, pa Marichi 23, 1983. Mishoni iyi idagwira ntchito yozungulira kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu m'malo mwa chaka chokonzekera ndikupeza katundu wamtengo wapatali wodziwa zambiri, nyenyezi ndi milalang'amba.
Tidzadziwitsa owerenga athu ndi chivundikiro cha chilengedwe cha Soviet atchorotory ndikuti afotokozere zomwe izi zidakwaniritsa.
Space States Indication Station. Kodi iye anaganiza chiyani?
Kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, asayansi a Soviet adafuna kupanga dongosolo lazinthu zomwe akadazindikira nyenyezi, zowala mwakhama ndi zinthu zina mu ma ultraviolet ndi magulu a X-ray. Mu x-ray, quasars, mabowo akuda ndi matupi ena osangalatsa omwe akatswiri azakuthande, ndi zotupa za ultraviolet za nyenyezi zimasimba za kapangidwe kake ndi kutentha kwawo.
Vutoli ndi loti X-rays safika padziko lapansi, amalowetsedwa ndi zigawo zamphamvu za m'mlengalenga, zomwe zimachitika ndi ma radiation a UV, zomwe zimachitika nm ray, koma ali osasangalatsa kwambiri sayansi. Chifukwa chake, kuchita zomwe zayang'aniridwa m'mitundu iyi, muyenera kukwera kutalika, komwe mlengalenga sizimalepheretsa.
Gawo la pa pulogalamu yasayansi yayankhidwa ndi gulu la oyang'anira nyenyezi a Crimeaysical oseketsa pansi pa utsogoleri wa nduna ya ndulu a Alexander Boyreburchi (19 Pakukula kwa zida za zida, zomwe zimayenera - malangizo omaliza a Sporcil Bureau a Ngo amatchedwa S. Lavochkina. Pofika nthawi imeneyi, akatswiri a Bureau adapanga kalaneti wina.
Ogwiritsa ntchito Soviet adaganiza kuti asapange chonyamulira cha "choyambirira" chamtsogolo kuchokera pachiwonetsero, koma kusankha malo omalizidwa omwe amagwira ntchito bwino m'malo. Panali zifukwa ziwiri zochitira izi:
- Kukonzekera mwachangu kuyesa;
- Kusunga pa ntchitoyi.
Kunali kofunikira kukhala chida chomwe chingagwirizane ndi ziganizo zankhanza. Nanga:
- Amatha kunyamula ndalama zolipirira kwambiri mu mawonekedwe a telesikopu yam'maso ndi mawonekedwe a milalang'amba ndi nyenyezi mu gulu la UV ndi raycope spectometer;
- adatetezedwa bwino ku zoopsa za dzuwa lathu;
- Nditha kukhala momasuka, momwe nthaka yomwe imapangidwira kuti dziko lapansi lizikhala ndi malire.
Soviet Union inali ndi zida zoterezi. Pazofunikira zonse, mndandanda wa Venus unali woyenera, venus-15.
Zowona, musanayike ma telescopes pamalo okwera malo, zidasintha pang'ono. Zinachotsedwa kwa iwo kukhazikitsidwa kwagalimoto, komwe kunatenga malo ogulitsa padziko lapansi - m'malo mwake kuyika malowedwe, m'malo mwa iwo kuyika mabatani awiri omwe amaphatikizika gasi yoponderezedwa kuti gawo la maderalo litha kusinthidwa, ma radiators, chipinda cha chida chokhala ndi zamagetsi, antena.
Akatswiri asintha ndi komwe kuli ma exedic-ma enctron-exprotic omwe amayang'anira "zakuthambo". Ngati adasiyidwa momwemo m'mene adayimirira "Venus-15", monga mwa zizindikiro za masentimita, ma telesikopu a ultraviolet sakanatha kusintha mayendedwe amlengalenga, ndipo, monga Zotsatira, sakanatha kufufuza zakumwamba.
Zida "zakuthambo"
Chida Cha Sayansi "Wasayansior" ndi dongosolo la infraviolet "centery. Amalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 400. Mainchesi a galasi lalikulu ndi 80 cm, kutalika kwenikweni ndi 8 m, mainchesi a sekondale ndi ma cm, kutalika kwake kunali kopindika kwambiri ndikuwona mawonekedwe abwino .
Makina okhala ndi telesikopu adaphatikizapo sportrometer spectrometer, yomwe idapangidwa molumikizana ndi France. Chipangizocho chinali ndi ma 4anthu atatu omwe amalola kuti aziphunzira zinthu zitatu: nyenyezi zowala, ma radiation ofooka a thupi ndikuwonjezera matupi a cosmic, monga nebula, CANT. Chipangizochi chalembedwa radiation ku Souldenth Intervols kuyambira 110 mpaka 350 nm ndi 60 mpaka 650 nm.
Chida china cha sayansi "ndi chiphunzitso cha zakuthambo" ndi a radropukiya - 02m, omwe adapangidwa m'makoma a Statut of Isser Zakuthambo ilibe. STederg. Chipangizocho chinali ndi zojambulajambula ndi zamagetsi zamagetsi ndikuloledwa kuphunzira zinthu zogwirizana, monga nyenyezi za Neotron, zoyera. Ofufuza adalemba ma radiation a X-ray osiyanasiyana kuyambira 2 mpaka 25 Kev ndipo amatha kuyeza mamiliyoni onse 2.28, omwe adapangitsa kuti ziwonekere kusintha kwa kusintha kwamphamvu kwamphamvu.
Kodi ndi chidziwitso chiti chomwe chidakhala "chipewa"?
Pa Marichi 23, 1983, proton Carker Rocket idapereka malo owonera Soviet. Kupanikizika kwa ma telesis a telesis (kuzungulira kwambiri padziko lapansi) kunali pamtunda wa 2000 km, ndi Apogee (kutalikirana (kutali kwambiri) pamalo ozungulira) pamtunda wa 200,000 km. Kuzungulira kotereku kumapangitsa kuti "zakuthambo" 90% ya nthawi yochita kafukufuku wasayansi mwa malamba osakhala ndi ma radiation padziko lapansi, tinthu tambiri tomwe timatha kusokoneza ntchito za zida. Kuphatikiza apo, chorbit iyi "yopulumutsidwa" kuchokera kumoto wamphamvu wa geocongeon, yomwe imaletsa kumverera kwa maphunziro a UV.
Katswiri wina wozungulira uyu - akatswiri a Soviet amatha kuwunika mosalekeza kuti "zakuthambo" pa nthaka, zomwe zidawalola kukhazikitsa ndi zoonekera pa adiresi 200 pachaka.
[Nkhani pamutu: monga US ndi USSR, mwezi unkafuna kuimba mlandu]
"Ziphunzitso za" chiphunzitso "chatha maola 3-4 patsiku. Telesikopuyo imatha kusanthula miyala yamkuntho mu mphindi 12, ndikugwira gawo limodzi mpaka muyeso 70,000. Masikonowo adagwira ntchito mode, pankhani ya kupezeka kwa gamma burst kapena matenda ena atha kuvunda mwachangu kuti akwaniritse zida zake za ultraviolet ndi X-Ray.
Pa ntchito yozungulira, zakuthambo zidalandira deta pa mazana a X-ray zoyambira, zambiri za quasars ndi milalang'amba.
Mu Epulo 1986, Soviet adatinso kuphunzira kwa Haltratot ya Halley ndipo adathandiza asayansi kuti adziwe bwino za comeetic, kutha kwa mpweya wamphamvu kumayenda pomwe ukuyandikira Dzuwa.
Komanso asayansi a Soviet ankagwiritsa ntchito "chipewa" kwa UV mlengalenga padziko lapansi, kuti amvetsetse momwe ma valile amathandizira ozoni. Izi zinali zofunika kuti azichita zinthu zakale komanso zankhondo.
Mu 1987, asayansi adagwiritsa ntchito Soviet Reporvatoriyotoriyotoriyotorion ndi ku Supernuva. Mu February, pulaneti lathuli yafika kuunika kwa supernova sn 198a, yomwe idachitika mu Galaxy Galaxy mtambo waukulu wa magtel. Unali kufalikira kowala kwambiri komanso koyandikira kwambiri kwa supernova kuyambira kupangidwa kwa ma telescopes. "Kodi zakuthambo" wina woyamba wofanizira, phunziroli linapita miyezi 15. Soviet Astvoetsists adazindikira kuti SN 1987A sanabuke pakufalikira kwa nyenyezi yozizira kwambiri, monga akapolo ambiri adakhulupirira panthawiyo, ndipo wamkuluyo akamagwada.
Nazi zina zatsala pang'ono kuthambo. Mothandizidwa ndi telesikopu, zinali zotheka kuzindikira kuti:
- Ngakhale kuyambira nyenyezi zosatha, chinthu chitha kutulutsidwa, ndipo, zochuluka, mpaka mazana mamiliyoni angapo matani. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, kuposa nyenyezi yotentha, yolimbikitsidwa kumasulidwa, kuthamanga nthawi zina kumafikira 1000 km / c;
- Mu mankhwala opangidwa ndi nyenyezi ena, kuzunzika kwambiri ku Uranium, kutsogolera, kuphedwa. Kuchokera komwe zinthu izi zidawonekera paja, sizinadziwike;
Izi ndi zina zomwe zimathandizira kumvetsetsa kusinthika kwa nyenyezi ndi milalang'amba, komanso zidakhala zothandiza kwambiri kwa azungu.
Kapangidwe ka zakuthambo kunathandizanso kuthetsa ntchito zingapo zaluso. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri adakwanitsa kupanga dongosolo la syrofeser, lomwe limatha kutsogolera telesikopu ndi kulondola kwambiri. Zinakhala zopyapyala komanso zopepuka kwambiri, komanso kukhala ndiukadaulo woyenera kwambiri wa zokutira zawo, amapanga telesiyo ya telesikopu yomwe imatha kuwonetsera pompopomphuka.
Zaka zisanu ndi zitatu za ntchito
Pambuyo pa chaka choyamba chogwira ntchito mu akasinja amafuta azachuma, panali gasi lokhazikika powongolera, ndipo zida zinali bwino, kotero asayansi adaganiza zowonjezera ntchito ya telesikopu.
Mu 1989, malo operekera mafuta osindikizidwa komanso mwayi wotaya mwayi wobweretsa zida zawo. Gawo lomaliza la kuyankhulana ndi zakuthambo ndi zakuthambo kunachitika pa Marichi 23, 1991, pambuyo pake mmishoni unatha. M'malo mwake, telesikopuyo idagwira ntchito kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu.
Kuti muchite bwino, gulu la opanga Soviet ndi Astropphscists adalandira mphotho ya USSR.
Magwero omwe wolemba amagwiritsa ntchito pokonzekera nkhaniyi:- Chikalatachi mu Presidium of the Academy of the Science of Ussr "chinsinsi cha zakuthambo zolaula" zakuthambo ", zomwe zidakonzedweratu kumpoto kwenikweni;
- Buku la "Maphunzirowa Maphunziro pa Span Station Station." Osinthidwa ndi a.a. Boyarchuk:
- Zithunzi: "Maphunziro a Space adachitidwa mu Soviet Union mu 1983"
- Zithano ": Venera adasandutsa danga la Spaceope"
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