Chaka chatha, tinayamba kupereka zinthu zonena za anthu m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Zolemba zoyambirira za nkhanizi zidadzipereka kwa kuyesa kwachi China "kukwatira mmodzi - mwana m'modzi".
Nkhani yachiwiri idasanthula kukula kwa Zigzag kwa malingaliro apabanja ku Iran. Lero tikulankhula za momwe ufulu wobadwira wa nzika anali ochepa ku India - anthu achiwiri kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Chowonadi chakuti India ndichabwino mwanjira yoletsa kukula kwa anthu, andale ayankhulanso mu 1920s. Umphawi, kusowa kwa chuma komanso kusowa kwa chithandizo chamankhwala chokhazikika komanso chopatsa thanzi, zidapangitsa kuti boma lino lidali lazachikulu mu 1952 (ngakhale chithunzi chodziwika bwino cha India Mahandma Nthawi zonse ankayesedwa motsutsana ndi malamulo a boma ya ufulu kubereka, koma adaphedwa mu 1948).
Chimodzi mwazinthu zotsogola cha chiphunzitso chandaleli chinali chomwe banja lililonse lili ndi ufulu woti agwirizane ndi ana angati omwe angakhale mmenemu. Monga njira yolerera, njira ya kalendala idalimbikitsidwa mobisa (zomwe tikudziwa lero, zili kutali ndi zothandiza kwambiri, koma panalibe ndalama kwa njira zina).
Zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake, zida zaluso zolemera zidapita. Dzikoli linayamba kulandira ndalama zopanga njira zopangira kubereka kuchokera kwa "amzake" - kutengera kwa ford Ford inali gawo lapadera.
Mu 1976, m'busa wa ku India, Indira Gandhi, akuti boma liyenera kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa njira iliyonse - ndipo kuti kupulumutsa mtunduwo kungathetse kuti anthu akhale ndi ufulu. Zotsatira zake, amuna 6.5 miliyoni aku India adakakamiza Vasectomy.
Ingoganizirani: Usiku, abwera mnyumba usiku, akukutopetsani nkhawa ndikunyamula chitsogozo chopanda kanthu kukhala malo ogwirira ntchito bwino.
Malinga ndi mtundu wovomerezeka, Vasectomy ayenera kuperekedwa kwa amuna okha omwe apha anthu awiri, koma kwenikweni, chikopa chopumira ichi chagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anyamata achichepere omwe anali ndi malingaliro andale otsutsa. Pulogalamuyi idakakamiza Vaserctom kukakamiza nzika zambiri kuti zisiye kuthandiza andale za Gandhi. Undaleyu adaganiza kuti nthawi yakwana kuti isinthe azimayi kuti adziwe kukula kwa demogragragragragc.
Zotsatira zake, azimayi ambiri adagwidwa: mbali inayoyake, Boma linapachikika ndi pulogalamu Yake yosinthira banjali, amafunikiranso kanthu kena kubereka mwana. Ana achikazi, nthawi zambiri amachitika m'dera lachilendo, sanalingalire anthu.Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, zipatala zambiri zosinthira zaukwati zidatsegulidwa ku India - azimayi amatha kuwona apa omwe angafune kusokoneza mimba, komanso azimayi onse omwe anali ofunitsitsa kudutsa chosankhira kapena intrauterine. Komanso, azimayi sanadziwike bwino chifukwa cha zovuta, anakana kuchotsa kuzungulira, ngati pazifukwa zina adapereka kusasangalala kwambiri kwa mzimayi - komwe kumapeto kudapangitsa kuti ambiri ayesetse kuti ambiri adayesa kuchotsa mizere ya intrauterine ndi anagwiritsa ntchito zowonongeka kwambiri.
Zithunzi zinayamba kuwonekera m'misewu: "Banja losangalala ndi banja laling'ono."
Zolinga za ndale zoberekera zopangidwa pazaka zisanu za 1985 mpaka 1999 zinali zotere: samatenthetsa osachepera azimayi 31 miliyoni azimayi ndikukhazikitsa mpango wina 25 miliyoni.
Njira izi zidachitika, tiyeni tinene mwa kukakamira mwaufulu: Amayi sanachoke kunyumba usiku ndipo sanatengere ntchito, koma amakondera pabanja - adalandira ndalama zolipirira ndalama kupitirira kudutsa.
Pakampeni yayikulu kwambiri mdziko muno, kampu yothira mitengo inayambitsidwa, komwe ku Antisanitariarian kunandilamulira (ndipo anali oletsedwa mu 2016).
Nthawi zambiri, azimayi adasonkhanitsa Nyumba za Misonkhano ya masukulu a masukulu, atakakamizidwa kupita pansi, kenako katswiri wazachipatala adabwera kuholo ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito chosankha.
Sarita Barpanda, choyambitsa cha gulu la ufulu wina wa anthu, chimawonjezera kuti akatswiri azachipatala sanakhalebe ndi zida zapadera zomwe akanagwiritsa ntchito herting ndipo adaganiza kuti helo ndi iye kumwamba, osati padziko lapansi). M'mawu omwe nthawi zambiri amasamutsidwa za kumwalira kwa azimayi atatha kudulira ku sterwisization mikhalidwe yosasunthika - zovuta kwa azimayi 15 kumpoto kwa ChiThattisharcha atakhala chizindikiro.
Mu 1991, dista Dunray adatulutsa zolemba za kuphatikiza azimayi ku India "zikuwoneka ngati nkhondo." Penyani ndi kovuta kwambiri: Pa mafelemu ena tikuwona momwe azimayi amagwirira ntchito mu holo yolimba, ndipo m'malo mwa zowawa, wina wotsatira amangowapatsa mu nthawi yovuta kwambiri kuti alume manja awo. Ndipo pa mafelemu otsatira, katswiri wa zamatsenga amanena kuti ankatha mphindi 45 pogwira ntchito yoyamba m'moyo wake, ndipo tsopano amachita m'masekondi 45.
Ngwazi ya filimuyo, yomwe idafunsidwa ndi dandey, polankhula ndi moyo wawo wasintha pambuyo pakuyamba kusamba: "Tikamakhala ndi nthawi pamwezi, timakhala ndi mphamvu yobereka - mphamvu yobala mwana. Palibe amuna amphamvuyi. Chifukwa chake, adabwera ndi zoletsa izi: Osakhudza pa msambo, musakhudze china chake, musabwere kukhitchini. "
Ngwazi ina yomwe idataya ana anayi nthawi ya moyo akuti: "Ana ndi gwero lathu, tiribe chuma china." Aliyense amene amakhala pa umphawi sakhala wotsimikiza kuti ana awo adzatumikira akulu akulu - chifukwa chisamaliro chamankhwala nthawi zambiri chimangosowa ndalama. Chifukwa chake, azimayi amafuna kubereka mobwerezabwereza, m'chiyembekezo kuti munthu wina wa ana amakula ndipo angawathandize.
Masiku ano, njira zolerera ku India zimasiyanasiyana m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Matiyeni ena a ku India adalemba zoletsa ndikulola mabanja kukhala ndi ana awiri okha (omwe nthawi zambiri amayambitsa mimbayo, ngati banjali likuwoneka kuti msungwanayo akuyembekezera)
Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zodziwika bwino kwambiri zakuwongolera, India adakwanitsa kukwaniritsa ziwerengero: Ngati mzimayi aliyense adabereka ana wamba 57, ndiye mu 2009 chiwerengerochi chidagwera kwa 2.7 (ngakhale zisonyezo Kusiyana kwambiri kuchokera ku boma kupita ku boma. Chandamale cha 2025 ndikubweretsa kuchuluka kwa chonde ku 2.1. Mtengo wanji? Kutsata kwachikazi kudalibe njira yodziwika bwino yoledzera mdziko muno.
Malinga ndi gululi lachitetezo padziko lonse lapansi, vuto lalikulu pamndandanda wa anthu wamba ku India ndikusowa maphunziro oyenera kugonana (25% yokha ya anthu omwe adabwera kudzacheza ndi makalasi.
Mukakumana ndi mbiri yakale ya boma, azimayi ndi abambo nthawi yomweyo amapereka njira zakunja zakulera. Palibe amene amawafotokozera kuti m'Makono amakono pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chitetezo chomwe njira iliyonse ili ndi maubwino ake ndi mavuto ake. Zotsatira zake, zimapezeka kuti mabanja amakakamizidwa kuti aganize kuti ndani wa okwatirana omwe amatumizidwa osasunthika kapena vasectomy. Koma nthawi yomweyo, vasectomy imakhazikika m'dziko litatha maphunziro andale indomera Gandhi ndi amuna ambiri tsopano akana njirayi, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti ataya manyazi awo.
Chifukwa chake, azimayi nthawi zambiri amatumizidwa ku opareshoni. Ndipo komabe, gulu lachinsinsi limawona kuwala kumapeto kwa ngalande: Chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa matekinologiki, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa njira zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, ngakhale m'malo osauka kwambiri dzikolo.
Opangidwa ku India: Boom ya mayi wa malonda a malonda ndi chiletso chake
Nkhani ina yopweteka m'mbiri yokhudza kubereka kwa India inali mayi wopanga malonda, nthawi yayitali osavomerezeka ndi lamulo. Zokopa zotchuka kwambiri mdziko muno zidakhala m'ma 2000s a ana osowa ana ochokera ku North America ndi Western Europe.
Njira yokhayo inali yotsika mtengo kuposa m'maiko ena, ndipo mabungwe a ku India adayamba kuwoneka ngati bowa. Nthawi zambiri, ma oyang'anira adanyengedwa ndi makasitomala awo akumadzulo, polankhula kuti mayi wawo wachitapo adzalandira chifukwa cha "ntchito" yawo yofunika kwambiri, ndipo zida zogwirizana ndi madola zikwi ziwiri zokha. Zambiri zomwezi zimafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane zolembazo "zopangidwa ku India" Rebecca Syovitz ndi Vaisani singh.
Mabungwe ambiri omenyera ufulu wa anthu amakopa chidwi cha mavuto a anthu oopsa ku India: milandu idadziwika pomwe amayi odzikonda adamwalira panthawi yoyembekezera. M'mayiko, chimodzimodzi ndi vuto lomwe limawonekera m'mifame yankhondo - zoberekera zoberekera, zomwe zidatsekeredwa ndi amayi opanga nyumba mkati mwa nyumbayo nthawi yonseyo mpaka kubereka. Mavuto azamalamulo omwe ali ndi kunja kwa akhabatala alibe zosowa.
Kutsutsa kwapadziko lonse komanso kwamkati kunakula, ndipo mayi wina wankhalthi, mayiyu pantchitoyo anali oletsedwa kwathunthu ndi lamulo. Mu 2016, malamulowo adasinthanso maanja ochokera ku India, omwe pamodzi kwa zaka zopitilira asanu alola kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wotchuka wamayiko. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, njirayi idaloledwa kunyamula akazi osungulumwa omwe angafune kukhala ndi ana, koma sangachite izi m'makalata azachipatala.
Monga momwe mayi wasuliriri amawonera ali ndi zinthu zambiri, ndizosavuta kunena kuti: Sizingatheke kunena kuti kupatula kwathunthu kupatula mwayi womwe mayi wa mayiyo amasaukira amafalikira mu emvulopu. Koma kuchuluka kwa akazi aku India ngati makina opangira ana osabereka mayiko otukukabe.
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