Tsar Alexel Mikhailovich adalandira dzina loti dziko la Nickname, koma mu nthawi yankhondo mosalekeza ndi mayiko ena, ndipo boma lidapulumuka ndi nthawi zovuta za kusinthasintha. Kusintha kwakukulu kwakukulu kunapereka zotsatira zabwino, chifukwa adanenedwa kuti amafunikira kwambiri. Komabe, kunalibe zopeka kwambiri, kusintha ndalama. Mfumu yomwe idakakamizidwa nthawi zonse ndi mphamvu zamphamvu ndi mphamvu zamphamvu zimakakamizidwa kuti apange ndalama zamkuwa. Zingaoneke kuti chilichonse sichinali chomveka, komabe, lingaliro la Alexei Mikhailovich ndipo kusintha kwake kunapangitsa anthunth buthu. Kodi masinthidwe ati omwe amasintha ndalama? Chifukwa chiyani kusintha kunali kopanda phindu? Ndipo adabweretsa chiyani Russia?
Mbiri Yosintha Kusintha
Mpaka 1654, panali ndalama za zitsanzo zingapo ku Russia - ndalama zambiri ndi ndalama zomwe zidang'ambika kuchokera ku siliva, ndi semi, zomwe zimapangidwira waya wa Fleen. Onsewa anali ndi mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono, koma panalibe mayunitsi akuluakulu akuluakulu. Tchulani momwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuchita malonda. Zochita zazikulu zimakumba kwambiri kufunika kowerengera ndikufotokozanso ndalama zambirimbiri. Modabwitsa, komanso molakwika, mikhalidwe yotereyi yakhudza malonda ang'onoang'ono, omwe anali ovuta kuchitidwa chifukwa chosowa ndalama zosinthana. Zotsatira zake zinali kuwonongeka kwa chuma cham'dzikoli, choletsa cha chitukuko cha chuma.
Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov, chifukwa cha maulendo angapo ochita bwino ankhondo, adakwanitsa kulowa m'dera la Russia, Maforrosia ndi mayiko angapo a Belarusian. M'magawo amenewa, Sempy waku Europe anali pofalitsa ndalama zaku Russia. Munthawi ya nkhondo ndi zolankhula, kufunika kofunikira kuyambitsa mayunitsi atsopano, omwe angafikire ndi anzawo aku Europe. Kuphatikiza apo, zothandizira mosungiramo chuma sizikwanira chifukwa cha nkhondo zazitali komanso mliri wa mliri. Chuma chomwe chinali chofunikira kusintha, chuma chomwecho chofunikira, ndipo chinali kusintha komwe kungasinthe zinthu ku Russia.
Kukhazikitsa kwa ndalama
Malinga ndi malingaliro, kusintha kunali koyenera kwambiri kuthetsa mavuto. Ndalama zamkuwa zinayambitsidwa mu apilo, magawo akale sanasankhidwe ku njira yosinthira. Bizinesi yayikulu yalandira mwayi wosagwiritsa ntchito mtengo wochepa chabe wa mtengo wawung'ono, womwe umatanthawuza kuti kutuluka kwa ndalama zatsopano kunayenera kukhudzidwa ndi chuma cha dziko.
Mu 1654, ma Rubles adanyengedwa ndi dongosolo la mfumu. Pambuyo pake, chilolezo chinali kuyamba kuthamangitsa kafukufuku wa filnikov, theka lodzitchinjiriza, hryvnia, a acheni ndi kugwira. Patatha chaka chimodzi, ndalama zambiri zinali ndi zitsanzo zatsopano, komabe, ambiri amapewa kugwiritsa ntchito omwe amagwiritsa ntchito molakwika.
Zolakwika zazikulu
Monga momwe tingadziwire, anthu anali ndi chidaliro champhamvu, chomwe chidakwiyitsidwa ndi zolakwa zingapo pakukonzanso kusintha.
Zinali zolakwika mwadala. Ndondomekoyo idafunikira kulipira msonkho kokha ndi siliva, pomwe malipiro adalipira ndi ndalama zamkuwa. Panalibe kusinthana kwaulere kwa ndalama zasiliva. Ngakhale izi, mawu omveka bwino omwe palibe kusiyana pakati pa ndalama za zitsanzo zatsopano ndi zakale. Kodi izi zitha kukhulupirira anthu? Zachidziwikire, ayi, chifukwa chake anthu ambiri adayesa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zamkuwa zomwe zinali ndi mtengo wokayikitsa. Komabe, poopseza kulangidwa, anthu omwe amapatsidwa ndalama zamkuwa, pomwe boma limakonda siliva.
Kutha Kwakutha Kusintha
Kuthandizira kwakukulu pazinthu zomwe zimasinthidwa kwa Alexei Mikhailovich zinali ndi zochitika zachabe. Ndalama zamkuwa zimatha kusungunuka ndi zomasuka, chifukwa makina onse anali njira zopangidwa ndi manja. Pankhani ya 1656, mankhwala otsimikizira omwe amaperekedwa ndi misonkho: Kuchokera pa anthu awiri Chachitatu, ndi gawo limodzi lachitatu - mkuwa. Nthawi yomweyo, ndi mtundu wanji wa Kabatskaya, chifukwa cha zinthu zachifumu, chifukwa ntchito ndi misonkho, "anthu ayenera kulipira ndalama za siliva. Kuphatikiza apo, m'magulu amodzi, ku Siberia, ndipo sizinali zopindulitsa kulipira mkuwa wa Dani, chifukwa m'derali panali kusonkhana kwa nthawi yayitali. Anali ofunika ndalama zambiri zamkuwa. Ntchito ndi alendo akhoza kugwiritsidwanso ntchito mkuwa. Monga wolemba mbiri ya J. SIKS ENES, ndalama zamkuwa zitha kutchedwa "ndalama zakomweko", chifukwa zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa zida za mkuwa. chifukwa cha kupanduka kwamphwa komwe kunawalira ku Moscow mu 1662. Mizinda ikuluikulu ya Russia idakhudzanso anthu wamba. Boma lidakakamizidwa kuti liletse kukhazikitsa ndalama, zomwe zidapangitsa kusakhazikika pagulu. Ndalama zamkuwa zidachotsedwa, ndipo kusinthanitsa kunali ndalama zamitundu 100 pa 1 siliva. Kusintha kwa ofufuzira kunakhala kuyesa kosatheka kusintha ndalama ndi zachuma. Chovuta chachikulu chinali kuphedwa kolakwika kwa dongosolo lomwe lakonzedwa. M'tsogolomu, mwana wa Tsar Alexei, Petro woyamba pokonzanso kukonza izi amatulutsa zomwe amapanga, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina, ndipo zotsatira zake zingakhale zopambana. M'malo mwake, zolakwa za kusinthasintha Alexei Mikhailovich kunawonetsa olamulira otsatira ku zophophonya zomwe zidakonzedwa mtsogolo.