Enye yezinhlekelele ezinkulu kakhulu zemvelo zekhulu lama-20 kwakuwukunyamalala okusebenzayo koLwandle Olungenamkhawulo. Kwabonakala sengathi muva nje, abadobi eCentral Asia baya engxenyeni ethile yonyaka - maphakathi nawonyaka - maphakathi nawo-1960s emngceleni weKazakhstan no-Uzbekistan babamba ugu lwelinye lamachibi amakhulu emhlabeni - i-ARALL. Namuhla kunehlane kanye nendawo yenhlekelele yemvelo engapheli. Ngeshwa, ngokuzayo, isiphetho esifanayo singathola iplanethi enkulu evaliwe yamanzi, okuthi, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo abahlaba umxhwele, ingahlukaniswa bobabili njengolwandle kanye nechibi elingenacala. Izinga lamanzi oLwandle lweCaspian, elisenhlathini laseYurophu nase-Asia, ngokusho kososayensi izibikezeli zososayensi, kuya kumamitha ayi-9-18 kude nama-2100, okuzohlanganisa imiphumela emikhulu yezemvelo. Futhi uma kuyinhlekelele, eqondaniswe nguLwandle Awe-Aral, abaholi bezombusazwe banomthwalo wemfanelo, isizathu sokufakelwa kwamanzi esifundeni saseCaspian ukushintsha isimo sezulu.
Kwenzekani kolwandle lweCaspian?
Amathuba wokuthi ngekhulu le-XXI Umhlaba ungalahlekelwa ulwandle lweCaspian, phezulu. Muva nje, kumagazini exhumana nomhlaba nemvelo, kwashicilelwa umsebenzi, ngokusho kwayo iCaspian, ngokuhlukanisa imingcele yaseRussia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan nase-Iran, angahle alahlekelwe yingxenye yesithathu yobuso bayo. Eqinisweni, ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi kolwandle lwaseCaspian kwenzeka kusukela ngomhla ka-1970, kepha iqembu labaphenyi baseDashi nabaseJalimane libonisa ukuthi isilinganiselo sokomiswa saseCaspian sasheshisa amasentimitha ayisithupha noma ayisikhombisa ngonyaka azoqhubeka nokuthola ijubane.
Ekuqondeni kwendawo kweCaspian - Hhayi ulwandle, nechibi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni kuyindawo engamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-371. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XXI, indawo yalo izokwehla ungene ensimini, ibambene nePortugal, esongela ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo ezihlukile zezilwane ezihlala kulesi sifunda.
Abaphenyi baphinde bathi inhlala-kahle yolwandle lwaseCaspian namuhla incike kulezi zinto ezintathu eziphambili. Owokuqala umnikelo woMfula iVolga, enikeza ama-90% wevolumu yamanzi yolwandle lweCaspian; Okwesibili inani lasebusika lemvula, kanye noshintsho lokushisa emhlabeni kanye nokuhwamuka kwamanzi kungokwesithathu futhi okubaluleke kakhulu. Ngokwemininingwane etholakele, yize kuneqiniso lokuthi izulu lasebusika engxenyeni esenyakatho yeVolga Basin izoba ngumfula othe xaxa kanye nokusetha kabusha kolwandle iCaspian kungaholela khona esikhathini esizayo, umphumela wokuhwamuka kwechibi kuzoholela kukho ukwehliswa okubikezelwe ezingeni lolwandle.
Kubukeka sengathi kuyinto eyindidana: Ngenkathi ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa komhlaba kuyisizathu sokwandisa izilwandle, izinga lamanzi olwandle namachibi amakhulu azoncipha ngenxa yomphumela ofanayo wokunyuka lokushisa okufanayo. Ngenxa yalokhu ushintsho olwenzeka, i-baku ngeke ibe yichweba, i-bay of kara-bog yevolo izonyamalala, futhi enyakatho yolwandle amanzi azokhulula izwe elikhulu lomhlaba.
Bheka futhi: Kwenzekani ezilwandle zomhlaba?
Imiphumela yokuhwamuka kolwandle lweCaspian
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ababhali bocwaningo ababheki inhlekelele eyenzeka ngolwandle olungalungile nokuthi uCaspian alindele ngani ngekhulu le-XXI, izehlakalo ezenzeka. Ngakho-ke, ngo-2003 inani lamanzi ase-ARAL lalingaba ngu-10%, futhi indawo yaso engaphezulu icishe ibe yikota kusuka kokuqala. Ugu lolwandle lwaluqhele ngamakhilomitha ayi-100, futhi uSolbaty wamanzi wanda izikhathi ezimbili nesigamu. Ngakho-ke, namuhla kunogwadule osabekayo kasawoti we-aralkum esizeni endaweni yaLwandle Lwangempela.
Endabeni yolwandle lweCaspian, isimo sehlukile - amanzi aso asazosala. Noma ngokwesimo esigqamile, iCaspian ingagcina kuze kube ngu-66% yendawo yayo ngokujula kwamamitha ayi-1000. Kodwa-ke, ukulahleka kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yesikwele kungaguqula iCaspian iye eSpinint, kusukela ekubukeni okuphilayo, uLwandle Olufile. Imbangela yokufa kwezinto eziphilayo kuzoba yizinga eliphansi le-oksijini.
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"Ekuqaleni ngeke kube nokubaluleka okuningi kwezindawo ezijulile, kepha ekugcineni ukwenqabela ezingeni lolwandle kungadala ukuthi u-oksing (ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo) ekujuleni kwasolwandle," kuxwayisa i-University of Utrecht (Netherlands) kanye neFrank I-SViseling Colbarator, yimiphi imibiko yaseSpain el Pais. Ngaphansi kwenani leqhwa kanye nomoya-mpilo oqukethwe kuwo, ukugxila ngokweqile kwezakhamzimba emifuleni kanye nokwanda kokushisa komhlaba wonke, "Dala izimo ezinhle ukuze ujule amazinga ajulile we-Caspian Oplygen (bese uqeda konke impilo, "Ake usho ababhali bomsebenzi wesayensi.