Ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari, i-Ukraine yathumela esinye isikhalazo se-interstate eNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu (i-ECHR) ngokumelene neRussia. Imithombo yezindaba ibika ukuthi isikhalazo siphathelene nokuba khona kwemikhuba yoMbuso yokubulawa kwabaphikisi bakhe eRussia. I-Ukraine isho ukungakwazi ukuphenya la macala kanye nabahlukumezi abacashile. Kusukela emazwini kaKhomishani kaHulumende wase-Ukraine kwi-ECHR Miningweni enkonzweni yezobulungiswa e-Ukraine, u-Ivan Lishchinsky.
Lokhu akuyona impikiswano yokuqala e-ECHR phakathi kwe-Ukraine neRussia, okwaba khona ngemicimbi ye- "Crimean Spring" nengxabano ehlomile empumalanga ye-Ukraine. Phambilini, i-Ukraine yathumela izikhalazo eziningana ze-interstate mayelana nokwephulwa kweRussia ye-European Convention eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Ukraine, lapho iRussia kuthiwa ilawule amaSeparatist namaqembu ahlomile. Inkantolo yasho izikhalazo zokuphumelela kokucatshangelwa okuhlukaniswe endaweni yezwe: maqondana neCrimea kanye nezifunda zaseDonetsk naseLugansk.
NgoJanuwari 2021, i-ectr yabona ukuthi isikhalazo sase-Ukraine ngokumelene neRussia ngokumelene neCrimea eyamukelekile futhi yashicilela ukukhishwa kwabezindaba kwiwebhusayithi yakhe.
Kungani i-Ukraine ingakhonondaIlungelo lombuso lokufaka isikhalazo maqondana nesinye isimo e-ECHR lifakwe ku-ART. 33 womhlangano wokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu nobudlelwano obuyisisekelo bango-1950 ngokuya ngesimo esichaziwe, noma yiliphi iqembu loMbuso kulo mhlangano lingadlulisela kwi-ECHR, umbuzo kunoma yikuphi ukwephulwa okulinganiselwe kwelinye iqembu lokuhlinzekwa komhlangano kanye namaphrofetholi kuyo.
Yini ecashe ngemuva kwalezi zixazululo futhi yimiphi imiphumela abangayifaka eRussia?
IRussia yaqala ukuphendula iCrimea ngaphambi kokunamathiselaI-ECHR ekuqaleni ivumela udaba lokuhlekisa kwesikhalazo. Kwezikhalazo ezihlomile ezifanayo nesikhalazo sika-Ukraine, inkantolo kumele isungulwe ukuthi ngabe insimu yephulwa yini ngokuhlinzekwa komhlangano, umthetho wombuso ophendulayo isikhathi esichaziwe kwisikhalazo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umbuso ophendulayo awunakuba nesibopho sokwephula umhlangano.
Kuhle ukukhumbula lokho ngokuya ngomthetho we-Federal Constitutional Law ka-21.03.2014 No. 6-FKZ, iRiphabhulikhi yaseCrimea ibhekwa njengenkontileka phakathi kosuku lokusayina phakathi kweRussia neCrimea mayelana nokutholwa kwakhe E-Russian Federation naseMfundweni eRussia yezihloko ezintsha, okungukuthi, 03/18/2014.
Kepha isikhalazo se-Ukraine eCrimea Ekhathazekile ngokwephulwa yiRussia of the russuncia of the 02.27.2014, okungukuthi, izikhathi lapho iCrimea ngokusemthethweni isekhona insimu yase-Ukraine. I-ECHR esinqumweni sakhe sokugcina eCrimea yavumelana nezimpikiswano zase-Ukraine futhi yasungula amandla eRussia eCrimea kusuka ku-02.27.2014, ngaphambi kokufika kwakhe eRussia. Inkantolo yaphawula ukuthi yafika kulesi siphetho maqondana nokuba khona kwezempi yaseRussia eCrimea kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuMashi kuya kuMashi kuya kuMashi-Mashi futhi ngaphandle kokusongela izivumelwano ze-Crimea ngokuya nge-Crimea . Isikhundla saseRussia kulo magazini sasingenawo amandla okulawula i-peninsula ngaphambi kokusayina inkontileka yokwamukelwa kweCrimea eRussia eRussia eRussia.
I-Turkish EreredentLe ndlela ye-ECHR yaqala yasetshenziswa engxabanweni ehlobene neCyprus neTurkey ukwephula umhlangano wensimu yasenyakatho neKhupro. Endabeni ye- "Loseido vs. Turkey" (isikhalazo Cha. 15318/89, isinqumo se-ECHR sakhule ngo-03/32/1995) Inkantolo yaseYurophu iveze ukuthi umqondo "wobuciko" kwezobuciko. 1 Umhlangano awunqunyelwe ensimini esemkhosini. Kulokhu, inkantolo igcizelele ukuthi isibopho soMbuso wokwephula umhlangano singase sivele ngenxa yokusebenza kwamasosha lapho kuqinisekiswa amandla endawo yombuso wakwelinye izwe noma ukuphathwa kwendawo engaphansi.
Inqubo efanayo ye-ECHR kufanele ibambe zombili izikhalazo ezisele ze-Ukraine ngokumelene neRussia.
Ukulungiswa kweCrimea kungabikezelwa, kucatshangelwa imibiko yabezindaba "ngabantu abanenhlonipho" ngesikhathi semicimbi yeCrimean, kanye nokwamukelwa nguMkhandlu weFederation of 01.03.2014 No. I-48-SF "ekusetshenzisweni kwamabutho ahlomile aseRussia Federation e-Ukraine".
Yini okuzodingeka ukuthi iveze i-UkraineUmbuzo wokubusa kweRussia endaweni yezifunda zaseDonetsk naseLugansk akakabhekwa njengamanje. Kubukeka sengathi ngesinqumo esihle ekuvumayo kwezikhalazo kule ngxenye yobufakazi be-ECHR, obungenakuphikwa bokuzibandakanya okuqondile kwamasosha aseRussia ekuphathweni kwengxabano nasezi-Russian ukuphathwa kwendawo kufanele kwethulwe.
Ngokuqondene nesikhalazo esisha se-Ukraine e-ECHR, kuxoxwa ngakho hhayi ngeziqephu ezizanywe eRussia, kodwa nakwezinye izifundazwe, kufaka phakathi e-Ukraine. Ngakho-ke i-Ukraine ibophekile ukuhambisa ubufakazi bokuqapha insimu yensimu ngayinye yeziqephu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-ECHR ngeke ikwazi ukwenza isikhalazo maqondana neziqephu zakwamanye amazwe ukuze zicatshangelwe.
Ezimweni ezinjalo, amathemba okuqashelwa kweRussia ngesimo esithelelekile sesikhalazo esisha - eziqeshini zemizamo yabantu abazinikele kuyo, ngoba lokhu kungqubuzana ngokuphelele nesihloko somhlangano, ngokusho Yikuphi uMbuso ozibophezela ukuhambisana namalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ngaphansi kombuso wakhe.
Ukwephulwa kwelungelo lokuphila: Isetha kanjani i-ECHRKusuka ekukhishweni kwabezindaba kwe-ECHR, kulandela ukuthi isihloko sesikhalazo sivunywa yi-Ukraine ekutholakaleni kokubulawa kwabantu kwezepolitiki eRussia Federation kanye nokwephulwa kwelungelo lokuphila, elifakwe emhlanganweni. Uma i-ECHR ibona isikhalazo esisha se-Ukraine ngokuya ngeziqephu, lapho amandla eRussia amukeleke khona, khona-ke kulowo nalowo wakwa- eCHR kufanele acabangele ukwephula ilungelo likaRussia lokuphila ezintweni ezibonakalayo kanye nenqubo, cabanga ngesikhalazo ukufaneleka. Kusho ukuthini?
Ukuzibophezela okuphezulu kusho isidingo sokuvikela ilungelo lokuphila, kufaka phakathi nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuvimbela ukuncishiswa komuntu okuphikisayo kwempilo yomuntu, ngakho-ke umbuso akufanele ube nesisekelo somthetho salokhu, kodwa futhi nezinhlelo zokwahlulela kanye nezinhlelo zokwahlulela.
Ngokuqondene nengxenye yenqubo yokuthobela indalo yesibili yomhlangano, i-ECHR inenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi amazinga aphansi okuphenya ngezimo zokunyamalala nokufa kwabantu. Isibonelo, inkantolo iveze ukuthi isibopho sokwenziwa uphenyo olusebenzayo ukuzinikela, kepha imali: Iziphathimandla kufanele zibathathe zonke izindlela ezifanele zokuqinisekisa ubufakazi obuhlobene nesigameko esibhekisisa.
Kunoma ikuphi, iziphathimandla ziphoqelekile ukuthatha zonke izinyathelo ezidingekayo ezingaqinisekisa ubufakazi obuhlobene nalesi sigameko, kubandakanya ukuhlanganisa ubufakazi bofakazi, kufakwe ukuhlolwa okuphelele ngesithombe somtholampilo , kufaka nembangela yokufa. Noma yikuphi okushiwo ngesikhathi sophenyo oluvimbela ukusungulwa kwembangela yokufa noma umenzi wobubi kuzoholela ekuphulweni kwaleli Zinga leNkantolo yase-Europe yase-Juliani naseGaggio # 23458/02, ECHR 2011 , §301).
Ngakho-ke, ukuqashelwa kwe-ECHR iqiniso lokuphulwa kwezici zelungelo lokuphila kuzoncika ekutholeni ukwamukelwa kweRussia yazo zonke izindlela zokwehla, zokwazisa izisulu zophenyo waleli cala, kanye nokubanikeza ithuba lokuzijwayeza ngezinto zokwakha.
Akukho ukuhlukunyezwaUkufingqa, kungacatshangelwa ukuthi ukulethwa kwesikhalazo esisha nge-Ukraine kungaqukatha izimpawu zokuhlukunyezwa kwelungelo lokuhambisa izikhalazo ze-interstate. Ukubheka iqiniso lokuthi ukucatshangelwa kwezikhalazo e-ECHR kuyinqubo yokungatholakali, i-Ukraine izokwazi ukuqhubeka nokubheka izizathu ezintsha zokuqondisa kwezikhalazo zenkantolo. Kodwa-ke, ukukhanga ku-ECHR ngaphandle kokuhlinzeka ubufakazi bokuthi ubufakazi bokuthi ubuphikele beRussia kuleso naleso siqephu sokumenyezelwa imizamo bufana nesitatimende secala lokuqinisa umthetho.
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