Ososayensi abavela esikoleni sezesayensi yezolimo ye-University of Illinois yaseNingizimu ye-United States, e-United States, bakholelwa ukuthi uHerbicides yisikhathi sokubona isici ekukhetheni kwemvelo. Ikakhulu, esihlokweni saso esishicilelwe kwi-MDPI Portal, babhala okulandelayo.
"Imvelo kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kungasebenzisana, okuholela ekushintsheni okukhona, okube sekuboniswa ebudlelwaneni bemvelo kanye nokuvela kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo, kushintsha umhlangano wemiphakathi kanye nemisebenzi ye-ecosystem.
Eqinisweni, lesi sitshalo esijwayelekile esithi "Pathogen-herbicide" esiyinkimbinkimbi siyisibonelo esicacile se-Eco-Evolutionary (Eco-Evolvel) Ezinhlelweni zezolimo.
Ama-Herbicides angaba yi-eco-dynamic agents, ebangela amashifu njengengxenye yomphakathi wokhula futhi athinte ukubumbana kokhula namagciwane. Ngakho-ke, izilwane kanye namagciwane ancike ezitshalweni angahle avezwe ngqo kuma-herbicides, futhi ukuphendula izindlela zokulawula kuzophoqelelwa ukuba zivele zibe nezitshalo zazo zomsinga.
Umbono wokuthi u-herbicides uyakwazi ukuthonya impendulo yezinhlelo zezolimo, futhi ikakhulukazi esitshalweni esithi "pathogen-herbicide", musha, futhi nakanjani isidingo sokufunda okusebenzisana okunjalo kwe-multicrophic
I-soy cycouling nematode (SCN) yamukelwa njengento eyinhloko ekulahlekelweni yisivuno sikaSoybean e-United States, futhi igcwele kuyo yonke imigwaqo emikhulu yokutshala ama-soya.
Ocwaningweni olwenziwe kusukela ngonyaka ka-2010 kuya ku-2014, ukulahleka kwe-soybean okubangelwa yi-SCN e-United States kwahlolwa kabili njengezinye izifo ezweni lonke.
I-SCN ingaba imbangela yokulahleka kwezitshalo ezingama-60% lapho ukuhlwanyela izinhlobonhlobo zenhlamvu kanye nama-30% wokulahleka ngaphandle kokubonakaliswa kwezimpawu zomhlaba.
Ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwezitshalo okubangelwa yi-SCN, kuhlongozwa ukuthi kusetshenziswe ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane okuhlanganisiwe, okubandakanya ukuguquguquka kwezinhlobo ze-soybean ezisimeme, ukujikeleza kwezitshalo nabaphathi, ukulwa nama-weeds, ama-nematicides enziwe ngembewu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yomzabalazo yemvelo.
Ngakho-ke, omunye unyaka wokutshala ukhula olungewona owakhelwe lunganciphisa abantu be-SCN kuze kufike ku-55%.
Njengamanje, izinhlobo eziningi zokuhamba ze-soya (90%) zinomthombo ojwayelekile wokuqina (PI 88788), kanye nokuncika okuqinile kulo mthombo kuholele ekukhetheni kwalezi zinto, ezingadlalwa ngalezi zinhlobonhlobo Izinketho. Ukuxazulula le nkinga, izinhlobo zikhishwe ngemithombo emisha yokuqina, kufaka phakathi iBeijing (PI 548402) nePI 89772.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba khona komsingathi ofanele yiyona nto ebaluleke kakhulu ethinta inani le-nematode yemifino, njengoba ukhula luzolunga ezinye izinambuzane zezinambuzane, ama-pathogens nama-nematode akhazimula ezitshalweni ezinkulu.
Yize imiphakathi yokhula ingeyona inqwaba yabasebenzi ama-nematode parasitic ezitshalweni, imvamisa baqukethe iqembu lezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, ezisiza ukugcina ubukhona be-nematode emasimini. Futhi ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwezitshalo, ulwazi ngesimo somnikazi wohlobo luyisihluthulelo sokulawulwa kwe-SCN, ngoba le nematode ingakwazi ukuhambisa izitshalo ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo, kufaka phakathi i-generics ecishe ibe ngu-150 yama-legumes (Fabulaceae) hhayi ama-legumes.
Ngokhula lwasebusika lwaminyaka yonke, kulula kakhulu ukubhekana nosizo lwama-herbicides kanye nokucutshungulwa kwenhlabathi, kepha selokhu ithonya labo emasikweni wonyaka wehlobo lincane, lokhu ukhula kuvame ukushiywa yedwa kuze kube sentwasahlobo.
Njengoba abanye balaba ukhula ngabanikazi be-SCN, bakhonza inketho yokugcwala ngokweqile, bekhulisa inkinga esimweni esithile, lapho ukhula lwasebusika lwaba yinto ejwayelekile emasimini ane-zero.
I-Vika (Trifolium SPP.), Senna (Senna Spper.) NoLupine (Lupinuspp.), Kufakwe emndenini we-Fabaceae nama-SOY-WEEDS-HOSTS.
Eminye imindeni yezitshalo inezinhlobo ezabanikazi be-SCN, kufaka phakathi i-Asteraceae (Astrovaya), i-Brassicapeae (Iklabishi), i-Lamiaceae (Casnokekovaya), i-Zapozhnaya).
Phakathi kokusakazwa kokhula okujwayelekile njengezindawo ezingaba khona, ungabiza igama elilandelayo: I-Purple Nettle (i-lamium purplepule L.), i-lamium arplenseclaule L.) -Pastoris (L.) Medik), Middle noma i-MOC.
Ngokuvamile, izitshalo eziphuma emindenini engama-23 zingubanikazi be-SCN, kanti uFantaceae uhlanganisa iningi labanikazi. Kwabangu-116, abanikazi bezinhlobo eziyi-14 bathuthukise ukumelana nezingxenye eziyisishiyagalombili zezenzo zama-herbicides.
Ukuxhumeka kwama-nematode akwakheka ama-soy nokhula (ngezindleko eziphansi eziguquguqukayo) kubangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu nokwethula amasu afanele ukuvikela ubudlelwano obuqhubekayo bezemvelo ohlelweni lokutshala olunzulu lwezitshalo zasepulazini.
Ngokuqondene nohlelo lokusebenza olusebenzayo kubaphathi, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ukujikeleza kwezilimo, kanye nokufika kwezitshalo ezizinzile nezinhlobo ezizinzile, kube nomthelela onamandla kubantu babantu ngokuqhathaniswa nomugqa we-herbicidal ngokuqhathaniswa namasimu aphansi we-SCN.
Kodwa-ke, esimweni esithile, lapho ezolimo ziqinisa ukukhiqizwa kwezilimo ezibalulekile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esikhulayo sokudla, okuphakelayo kanye nophethiloli, ukuqondisa ogabeni, okuhlosiwe kukhula emasimini anesibalo esinamandla. "
(Umthombo: www.mdpi.com. Ababhali: ILeonardo F. Rocha, Karl L. Gage, Jason P. Peimel, Ahmad M. Bohuri).