Uma kukhulunywa ngezimo zesibonakude, abantu abaningi baqala ukukhumbula i-hubble, yize emashumini eminyaka onjiniyela bathumela imishini eminingi ebalulekile emkhathini. Enye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu - "Astron" ayaziwa kakhulu, kepha aphumelela kakhulu, asungulwa yiSoviet Union eminyakeni engama-38 edlule, ngoMashi 23, 1983. Le mishini yasebenza e-Orbit iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili esikhundleni sonyaka ohleliwe futhi yaqoqa imithwalo ebalulekile yolwazi mayelana nama-quasars akude, izinkanyezi nemithala.
Sizokwethula abafundi bethu abanokuhlola izinkanyezi waseSoviet futhi batshele ukuthi imiphumela le itholile yini.
Isiteshi esizenzakalelayo se- "Astron". Wacabanga ini?
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970s, ososayensi baseSoviet bafuna ukudala uhlelo lwasekhaya olungakwazi ukuchitha ukubonwa kwezinkanyezi zezinkanyezi, imithala esebenzayo nezinye izinto ezise-Ultraviolet kanye namaqembu we-X-ray. Ku-x-ray, ama-quasars, izimbobo ezimnyama kanye neminye imizimba ethokozisayo yezazi zezinkanyezi, futhi imisebe ye-ultraviolet yezinkanyezi ilandisa ngokwakheka kwamakhemikhali nokushisa kwawo.
Inkinga ukuthi ama-X-ray awafinyeleli emhlabeni, amunwa yizendlalelo eziminyene zomkhathi, kwenzeka okufanayo ngemisebe ye-UV, izindawo ezifinyelela kufinyelela i-wavelength ethile kuphela (35-400 NM) kuphela, kepha zinjalo ayithandeki kangako kwisayensi. Ngakho-ke, ukwenza okubonile kulawa mabanga, udinga ukukhuphuka endaweni ephakeme, lapho umkhathi ungavimbi khona.
Ingxenye yesayensi yohlelo lwe-Astron yaphendulwa yithimba le-Crimean Astrophysical Observatory ngaphansi kobuholi bakwaPhysics Alexander Boyarchuk (1931-2015), kanye ne-French CNES SPACH AGCH. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinto zokusebenza, lapho amathuluzi wesayensi ayemele khona - i-Final Council Bureau ye-NGO egama layo lingu-After S. Lavochkina. Ngaleso sikhathi, ochwepheshe be-Bureau abakheki ngophenyo olulodwa lweplanethi.
Onjiniyela beSoviet banqume ukuthi bangadali othwala "oyisisekelo" be-Observatory ebonakalayo esizayo, kodwa ukukhetha isiteshi esiqediwe esisebenza ngempumelelo esikhaleni. Kwakukhona izizathu ezimbili zayo:
- Ukulungiselela ngokushesha ukuhlolwa;
- Ukugcina kuphrojekthi.
Kwakudingeka ukuba kube yithuluzi elizohambisana nezidingo eziningi ezinzima. Okungukuthi:
- Kungathwala ukulayisha okuphelele kakhulu ngesimo se-optical telescope ene-spectrometer ukubhalisa i-spectra yemithala kanye nezinkanyezi ku-UV band kanye ne-x-ray telescope spectrometer;
- Uvikelwe kahle emiphumeleni eshisayo yelanga lethu;
- Ngingahlala e-orbit, lapho umphumela webhande lemisebe yomhlaba ubuzoba mncane.
I-Soviet Union yaba nezinto ezinjalo. Kuzo zonke izidingo, uchungechunge lweVenus lwalufanelekile, okunguTenus-15.
Kuliqiniso, ngaphambi kokubeka izithonjana ezisesiteleni, kwashintsha okuncane. Kususwe kuyo ukufakwa kwezimoto, okwathatha isiteshi phezu kwendiza yendiza ye-Interinetary ye-Earth-venus kanye ne-Side View Locator, esikhundleni sazo lapho izilinda ezimbili ezinamathiselwe khona, amathangi elanga, amathangi kaphethiloli nge Igesi ecindezelwe ukuze ukuguqulwa kwesiteshi kungashintshwa, ama-radiator, igumbi lezinsimbi ngensimbi ye-elekthronikhi, i-antenna.
Onjiniyela bashintshile futhi indawo yezinzwa ze-Optical-electronic ezibhekele ukuzulazula "Adstroser". Ukube beshiywe ngendlela efanayo njengoba bema ku "venus-15", ngokuya ngezimpawu zezinzwa, lesi siteshi sasijikeleza eduze kwe-eksisi yaso ende, kanye nesibonakude se-ultraviolet asikwazanga ukuguqula isimo esikhaleni, futhi, njenge umphumela, awukwazanga ukuhlola indawo ephezulu yesibhakabhaka.
Amathuluzi "Astrona"
Idivaysi esemqoka yesayensi "I-Astromer" iyi-ultraviolet uhlelo lwamamitha amabili "Speciali". Wayenesisindo esingama-400 kg. Ububanzi besibuko esikhulu bungama-80 cm, ubude obugxile kungu-8 m, ububanzi besibuko se-26 cm, ubude obugxile buyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi banikeze inkambu enkulu yokubuka ngekhwalithi enhle yesithombe .
Isethi esine-telescope ifake i-ultraviolet sps spectrometer, eyakhiwa ngokubambisana neFrance. Le divayisi yayinezidabu ezintathu zokufaka ezivunyelwe ukutadisha izinhlobo ezintathu zezinto: izinkanyezi ezigqamile, imisebe yomzimba ebuthakathaka kanye nezinhlaka ze-cosmic, ezinjenge-nebula, i-comet. Ithuluzi eliqoshwe ngemisebe ezindaweni ze-wavelthth kusuka ngo-110 kuya ku-350 nm futhi kusuka ku-170 kuye ku-650 nm.
Enye ithuluzi lesayensi "I-Astromer" iyi-X-ray telescope-spectrometer ye-TCCH-02M, eyadalwa ezindongeni zeScient of Space Research Ngaphansi kwe-Astrophysics andrei North kusuka kumbuso Isikhungo sezinkanyezi. Sternberg. Idivaysi yayiqukethe ama-pair of detoctors kanye namabhulokhi kagesi futhi avumelekile ukutadisha izinto ezihlangene, njengezinkanyezi ze-neutron, amachaphaza amhlophe. Ukutholwa okurekhodwe imisebe ye-X-ray ebangeni kusuka ku-2 kuye ku-25 Kev futhi kungalinganisa njalo ama-milliseconds angenawo ama-milliseconds, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubheka imicimbi yamandla eshintsha ngokushesha.
Yiluphi ulwazi "lwe-astron"?
NgoMashi 23, 1983, i-Proarrier Rocket yeProton yaletha indawo yeSoviet Spasetory. I-Peeried of the Telescope Orbits (i-orbit esondele kakhulu emhlabeni) yayisendaweni ephakeme engamakhilomitha angama-2 000, ne-apolee (kude kakhulu ukusuka endaweni ebanzi ye-orbit) endaweni ephakeme ka-200,000 km. Umgogodla onjalo uvunyelwe "izinkanyezi" 90% yesikhathi sokuqhuba ucwaningo lwesayensi emabhande angewona ama-radiation womhlaba, izinhlayiya ezikhokhisiwe zazo zingathinta ukusebenza kwemishini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mgwaqo "osindisiwe" ekukhazimuleni okuqinile kwe-geocongeon, okukhawulela ukuzwela kwezifundo ze-UV.
Okunye ukuhlanganisa kwalolu mbuthalo - Ochwepheshe beSoviet bangahle baqaphele ngokuqhubekayo "Astron" ezintweni zabo zomhlaba, ezazivumela ukuba zisungule ngezikhathi zomsakazo ezingama-200 ngonyaka.
[Isigaba Esihlokweni: Njengoba i-US ne-USSR, inyanga yafuna ukusola]
"U-Astron" waqhuba ukubonwa amahora angama-3-4 ngosuku. Isibonakude singakwazi ukuskena i-Celestial Sphere ngemizuzu eyi-12, ngenkathi senza isikhathi esisodwa kuya kwezilinganiso ezingama-70,000. Isiteshi sisebenze ngendlela, esimweni sokutholwa kwe-gamma burst noma omunye umcimbi wamandla singashintshelwa ngokushesha endaweni oyifunayo ukuqondisa amadivayisi wawo we-ultraviolet nama-X-ray emthonjeni.
Ngesikhathi somsebenzi e-Orbit, i-Astronus ithole idatha emakhulu emithombo ye-X-ray, inqwaba yama-quasars nemithala.
Ngo-Ephreli 1986, iSoviet Retandoture yenze isifundo se-ultraviolet se-comet halley futhi yasiza ososayensi ukuba bathole inani eliqondile lokuhwamuka kwento enamahlaya, ukuphela kwegesi enamandla lapho kusondela eLangeni.
Futhi, ososayensi baseSoviet basebenzise i- "Astron" ngokubuka kwe-UZONO kwe-Ozone emkhathini womhlaba, ukuqonda ukuthi imicibisholo yokwethula ithinta kanjani ungqimba lwe-ozone. Lolu lwazi lwaludingeka kuzo zombili izifundo zezemvelo nezempi.
Ngo-1987, ososayensi basebenzise umfutho weSoviet kanye nokubonwa kweSupernova. NgoFebhuwari, iplanethi yethu ifinyelele ekukhanyisweni kokuqubuka kweSupernova SN 1987A, okwenzeka emthaleni omncane wefu. Kwakuwukuqubuka okukhanyayo futhi okusondele kakhulu kweSupernova selokhu kwasungulwa kwezibonakude. "U-Astron" omunye wakuqala ukubhekisisa lo mcimbi, lolu cwaningo lwahamba izinyanga eziyi-15. ISoviet Astrophysicicasts yathola ukuthi i-SNOLL 1987A ayizange ivele ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kwenkanyezi ebandayo yokukhanyiswa okuphezulu, njengoba ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ngaleso sikhathi, kwathi lapho i-supergiant evuthayo iphuma.
Nazi ezinye izinto zokutholwa ze-Astrona. Ngosizo lwesibonakude, kungenzeka ukuthi sithole lokho:
- Noma kusuka ezinkanyezini ezimile, kungakhishwa into, futhi, ngamanani amakhulu, kuze kube ngamathani ayizigidi ezimbalwa ngomzuzwana. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, kunenkanyezi eshisayo, ukukhishwa okunamandla, isivinini kwesinye isikhathi sifinyelela ngaphezu kwe-1000 km / C;
- Ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali komoya wezinkanyezi ezithile, okuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-uranium, ukuhola, kutholakale uTungsten. Ukusuka lapho kwavela khona lezi zinto lapho, kungakacaci;
Le mininingwane neminye yasiza ukuqonda kangcono ukuvela kwezinkanyezi nemithala, futhi yaba ngumthombo obalulekile wolwazi lwe-Astrophysics.
Iphrojekthi ye-Astron nayo yasiza ekuxazululeni imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile yezobuchwepheshe. Isibonelo, ochwepheshe bakwazile ukudala uhlelo lwe-astrojector, olungakwazi ukuhola isibonakude ngokunemba okuphezulu. Kwavela ukuthi kwenziwe izibuko ezincanyana nezikhanyayo kakhulu, futhi kuthuthukiswe ubuchwepheshe obusebenza kahle kakhulu bezingubo zabo zokuvikela, yenza umzimba wezibonakude okwazi ukuvezwa kokuvezwa okushisayo futhi uvimbele ukusakazeka kokukhanya.
Iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili yomsebenzi
Ngemuva konyaka wokuqala wokusebenza ethangini lamathangi kaphethiloli e-Astrona, kwakusenegesi eyanele ecindezelwe ngokuqondisa, futhi amacebo asesimweni esihle, ngakho-ke ososayensi bathathe isinqumo sokunweba umsebenzi wesibonakude.
Ngo-1989, indawo yokugcina uphethiloli ekhathazekile futhi amathuba alahlekelwe ngokuletha amathuluzi awo emgomweni. Iseshini yokugcina yokuxhumana komsakazo ne-Astronomer yenzeka ngoMashi 23, 1991, ngemuva kwalokho i-mission yaphela ngokusemthethweni. Esikhaleni, isibonakude sasebenza iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili.
Ngomsebenzi ophumelelayo, iqembu lonjiniyela beSoviet kanye ne-astrophysicists banikezwa umklomelo wombuso we-USSR.
Imithombo umlobi ayisebenzisa lapho elungiselela okuqukethwe:- Idokhumenti ku-presidium ye-Academy of Science "Orbital Astronomical Observatory" Astron ", eyayilungiselelwe nge-Astrophysician Northern;
- Incwadi ethi "Izifundo ze-Astrophysical esiteshini sesikhala se-Astron." Kuhlelwe ngu.A. I-Boyarchuk:
- Isihloko: "Izifundo ze-Space ezenziwa eSoviet Union ngo-1983"
- Isihloko esithi "Astron: IVenera yaphenduka isibonakude sesikhala"
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