E-Starin, uChukchi wabizwa ngokuthi yi-lorrurethlans, eChukotov. Izikhathi zidlulile, futhi amagama adlule ahlala kuphela emithonjeni yomlando, kepha izakhamuzi zaseChukotka zithembekile emasikweni nasezinkolweni zazo zendabuko. Ukuzalwa kwale eththolos kungokwenzalo yezizwe ezihlanganiswe yi-totem ejwayelekile, umphakathi woMlilo, amasiko ezenkolo namasiko.
I-CHUKCHI yesimanjemanje, njengokhokho bawo, ihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili - ama-nomadic Reindeer Herders nabazingeli bolwandle, izilwane zezimboni. Abafuyi bezinja ze-CHUKCHI babhekwa njengesigaba esikhethekile, okungukuzala izinja ngamahhanisi, lapho abantu behamba khona ngama-expanses enamaqhwa. Kusho ukuthini igama le-chukchi? Yayinjani indaba yabo? Futhi isiko lalokhu abantu lingasho?
Ukusho iqiniso
Igama elijwayelekile elithi "chukchi" avele kungekudala. Ngakho-ke emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, amaRussia namaYakuts aqala ukubiza inani elikhulu le-Chukotka. Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, igama le-naming lawa igama elithi "Isiphithiphithi", okusho ukuthi "izinyamazane ezicebile" e-Chukotka Adverb.
Leyo yimihlambi ebizwa ngokuthi yiReindeer Herds. Kepha, njengoba ngishilo, i-Chukchi inamaqembu amaningana ahlukile endaweni yokuhlala kabusha kanye nohlobo lomsebenzi. Isibonelo, abafuyi bezinja zolwandle abazibiza nge-ankalyn (ekuhumusheni "Anka" kusho "ulwandle").
Kepha ukuzibamba kukaChukchi bekungezwakali. Kuzwakala njenge-yevel, futhi "abantu bangempela" bayahumusha. Lokho wukuthi, okhokho baseChukchi baveze ukuthi bangabanini bangempela, "abantu" bamazwe abo.
Izici Zolimi
Isiko lalaba bantu libhekisela kuhlobo oluxubile, okungukuthi i-Asia-American. Izinganekwane nezinkolelo eziningi ziqinisekisa izixhumanisi ezihlobene nokufana kwamasiko e-CHUKCHI kanye namaNdiya aseNyakatho Melika. By the way, uhlobo lwe-vintage lwe-harness yezinja zezizwe zolwandle lungohlobo lwaseMelika ekwakhiweni kwalo.
Kepha ohlelweni lwezilimi lwe-CHUKCHI luhlobene ne-Itelmen, Koryakov nase-Eskimos. Ulimi lwesiChukchi lungenye yomndeni wolimi lwesiNarachi kamchatka, ungowaseQembu LasePaleoisian. Ngaphambi kokuvela kwamaRussia kuChukotka, iChukchi kukhumbuza izinganekwane nezinsumansumane eziningi, kepha amaqiniso ambalwa aqinisekisiwe agcinwe.
Isizathu salokhu ukungabikho kokubhala. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, umalusi weChukotka, uKhaneville wakwazi ukudala ukubhala okungokoqobo kwe-edeographic.
Izinhlobonhlobo zoqobo zolimi olubhaliwe, ngeshwa, azitholanga zibanzi, kepha namuhla ziyasetshenziswa namuhla. Iningi le-chukchi lithanda ukufaka izinhlamvu zama-cyrillic ngokubhala.
Amakilasi e-Chukchi
Ngaphambi nje kokuvela kweRussia Chukchi, bakwazile ukukwazi ukululeka kabusha kabusha, okwathi kamuva kwaba ngumthombo wokuhweba. Kepha uyabuza: Baphila kanjani abantu bakaHerinder abadumile be-reindeer ngaphambili? Konke kulula - isikhathi eside, umsebenzi wendabuko wabantu eChukotka wayengukuzingela inyamazane. Kucace kakhulu ukudoba kolwandle uShiksi. Babephila ngokulahlekelwa yisilo sasemanzini: uphawu, izinzwa, ama-walrles kanye nemikhomo.
Imisebenzi enjalo yadinga ukuqeqeshwa okukhulu kanye namandla amakhulu omzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-CHUKCHI yayinezindlela ezikhethekile zokuzingela. Isibonelo, eziMpawuni, abantu bahlaselwa ogwini lapho izilo zihlala elangeni. Ukulingisa ukunyakaza kwesilo, i-CHUKCHI ngokwayo yazinikela ngezimpawu zasolwandle, ngemuva kwalokho zahlasela isilwane esikhethiwe.
Izindlu zendabuko
Ngisho nanamuhla, impilo ye-chukchi igcina izici eziningi zevintage. Kusukela ngekhulu le-XIX, izizwe zabafuyi beReinder bahlala ezintanjeni ezi-2-3. Kwakuyimiphakathi engemihle okwadingeka ukuthi iguqule ngezikhathi ezithile izindawo njengoba inyama yeka ukukhathala.
Izindawo zokuhlala zendabuko zaseChukchi, ezakhiwe esikhathini sethu, i-yaranga. Leli yitende elikhulu lesimo se-polygonal esingajwayelekile. Indlu enjalo igcwele izikhumba zezikhumba, ezigxile ngamatshe, zivikela izakhamuzi ezindlini zomoya. Ngaphakathi kwetende, enkabeni, kukhona umlilo. Le ndawo ingcwele, futhi i-chukchi ngokwayo iqhathanisa ikhaya labo ivela endaweni yonke, ngenxa yalokho futhi ukuhamba kuyo kulandela ukunyakaza kwelanga esibhakabhakeni.
Amaholide nenkolo Chukchi
Isiko leChukchi liboniswa kakhulu ngesikhathi samaholide nemicikilisho yenkolo. Imikhosi eyinhloko yayithathwa njengemikhosi yonyaka ehambisana nokufakwa kwezindlu, ukunambitheka kwezinyamazane, amaholo eVazhenka.
Imihlatshelo yomlilo yadlala indima ekhethekile. Onqenqemeni olubandayo, abantu bakwazisa ngokukhethekile ukushisa, okunika ilangabi, ngakho-ke umlilo uvame ukuvela ezinganekwaneni njengonkulumo wobunkulunkulu, wonke umoya onamandla.
Amaphethini endabuko asetshenziswa yiChukchi ukuhlobisa izingubo, izicathulo, i-quiver, ngokusho kososayensi, abe nemvelaphi ye-eskimo. Izinkolelo zangempela ezilondolozwe kulolu suku zingamasiko e-animism. UChukchi ukhonza amandla endalo, uveza izinto, ahloniphe izilwane ezingcwele (ngokwesibonelo, iqhude nebhere).
Imindeni eminingi yezakhamizi zanamuhla zaseChukotka zilondoloze izindawo ezindala - amatshe akhethekile okucisha umlilo, okufanele abe nawo wonke umuntu. Babesetshenziswa ngesikhathi semicikilisho ehambisana nokukhulekelwa komlilo futhi baletha izisulu elangabi elingcwele elinikeza ukushisa, ngakho-ke impilo. Izizwe eziningi zenza "ukushintshwa kobulili" lapho indoda kufanele igqoke ingubo yabesifazane futhi ifeze imisebenzi yabesifazane emsebenzini wasendlini - futhi okuphambene nalokho.
I-CHUKCHI ingumuntu ohlukile ohlukile, obeka izinkolelo ezihlaba umxhwele, amasiko namasiko abokhokho babo nezizwe ezingomakhelwane. Abahambi abavakashele esifundeni saseChukotka esizimele noma eKamchatka, qaphela ukuthi lezi zindawo zivula umbala okhethekile, ogcina inkolo yasendulo kanye nolwazi oluyimfihlo lwabantu bendawo.
Esembozweni: vladila Kavri, Arctic Tundra eduze neWelkal, Chukotka, Russia, 2012 / © © jimmy Nelson / Jimmynelson.com