Umhlaba olindelwe isikhathi eside, inkosi yaseHungary nasePoland Vladislav III kanye ne-dederot of Serbia Georgy Brankovich, yafunga ngeVangeli lomhlaba ngoSultan Murad II, ngokulandelana kwaKho. Ukushintshana kokuqinisekiswa okubhaliwe kwenzeke amanxusa. Ukuvalwa kweminyaka eyishumi ekulweni phakathi kwama-Osmans kanye nabahlanganyeli baseYurophu bengxabano kumenyezelwe.
Kodwa-ke, ubaba waseRoma, osekuqala ekuqaleni kwezingxoxo, wawumelana nomhlaba. Inqubomgomo endala yeRoma yamaKatolika ithinta insiza yezwe ngezandla zama-crusaders futhi lapha wamthola wathola ikhono lakhe ebusweni beKhadinali Juliano Cesarini, yangaphambilini e-King Rate. Kodwa-ke, hhayi kulokhu, - uVladislav III, naphezu kobusha, waba nesizathu esanele sokuyeka empumelelweni etholwe. Ngeshwa, ama-balkan, ingqondo yayinganele isikhathi eside ...
Icala lokwephula isifungo sokukhuluma iqiniso
Ukulahleka kwe-murad II e-Asia encane ukuqeda ukunqoba kwakhe. Kwakune-biale eyodwa kuphela ebekiwe futhi ngokushesha wawa ngaphansi kokushaywa kwamabutho ama-Ottoman aholwa nguSultan. Emva kwalokho, uSultan wanquma ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwakhe kuqediwe ekubuseni kwasemhlabeni, futhi wakwazi ukuzibandakanya ngokuphepha ngokomoya, wazinikezela ekungazibiseni, umthandazo nokutadisha i-Quran. Ngo-1444, wancenga esihlalweni sobukhosi esikhundleni sendodana yakhe Mehmed, eyayineminyaka eyi-12 ngaleso sikhathi futhi yasusa eMansa.
Njengoba esezwile ngakho, uKhadinali Juliano Cesarini futhi uqala ukwenqaba inkosi yaseVladislav III ukuze aqhubeke ne-Crusade kanye "nokuthola" isifungo esisesifungweni, ethembisa imvume echibini likaPapa Roman. Indlela Onogada Bekhadinono bacule ngayo endombeni edumile ye-USSR "Musketeers":
"KuLowo oqinisile, uPharadesi uyalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi."Inkosi encane yaseVladislaslav III inakekela abantu, kepha iSerbia idelela uGeorgy Brankovich, hhayi ukuvuma amaKatolika, kanye nokwenziwa kokholo lobu-Orthodox, ngeke liye esifungweni. UCardinal uzothola kusuka kuPapa "kusuka enkosini" yenkosi, kanye nempi encane evela ePapal naseTeutonic Knights, eyabheka ukuthi leli cala lithembekile futhi umkhankaso uzoletha inzuzo.
Ngasohlangothini lweKhadinali kwakunguVoivod Janos Hunyadi, owayefisa ukunqoba okusha futhi wabona ukuthi umkhululi wawo wonke ama-Eurone Europe evela e-Ottoman Iga. Futhi ngo-1444, ukwephula isivumelwano sokuthula, ama-crusaders aqala kabusha i-crusade. Kwabonakala kuyinhlanhla yokuhamba nabo. Emcabangweni we-ottomans, ngisho nasemfana womfana - uMehmed II, wonke amabutho aphambili amabutho ase-Ottoman agxile e-Anatolia, ipapa kanye nezikebhe zaseVenetian bekufanele ukuba aqedwe ama-sultan Amasosha asondele emanzini, futhi anomkhankaso omude. Inhloso ye-crusader kwakuwumkhankaso osheshayo nonqobayo ngemuva kwenhloko-dolobha yaseSultanate - u-Edirne. Kodwa-ke, konke akuhambanga ngokohlelo.
Impendulo yeMurad II
I- "NezHDanchik" yokuqala eyayivukela ekulinganiseni kwensimu yenkosi nezindaba ezethule amahlaya e-MURAD II futhi zanquma 'ukuzobuza ngemiqondo' yokwephulwa kwalezi zithembiso. Ubuye wathatha amandla eSultanate ezandleni zakhe futhi uzoyihola umkhankaso wokulwa nabaphangi, kulokhu uqobo. Futhi uVladislav III, noma uCezarini uHarrinal Juliano akazange alindele ukuguquka kwezehlakalo.
Isiqalo sesibili esingemnandi kwakuwukudluliselwa kwebutho lase-Ottoman liye eRumelia ngolwandle, emikhunjini, igalari, eyanikezwa eMuradi II, ngesicelo sakhe, eGenoning, Ngokusobala isifiso sokuthi "phy" izimbangi zisuswe kuzo noma yiziphi izimiso zokuziphatha. Imikhumbi yemikhumbi yasePapal ne-Venetian yaseVenetia ayikwazanga ukwenza lutho, ngoba Kanye noDardanella kanye neBosphorus elawulwa i-Ottoman Coastal Artillery.
Ibutho le-crusaders lahamba kancane, izinqaba abahlangabezana nazo ngendlela lenqabile ukwenza amandla futhi bashaya ngokwanele. Inkosi kwadingeka ithathe isivunguvungu sayo, noma idlula. Futhi yize izikhulu zamasosha aseBulgaria naseValah zijoyine ama-crusaders asendleleni eya ezintabeni, inani eliphelele lezinkulungwane ezingaphezu kuka-7, ama-crusaders ashukunyiswa kancane kunokuhlelwa. Abazange bafike e-Edirna, lawo mabutho amabili ahlangane ngaphansi kweBoA.
Nangokwesibalo se-Osmans, sidlula umphikisi wabo. Inani lama-crusaders lilinganiselwa lisuka kwezinkulungwane eziyi-16 liye ku-24 futhi laliyi-pro "yonke" lalingu-pro ", kuphela izicukuthwane kanye namaqembu alo, kanye namaqembu anenhlanhla" asuka kule mpi. Ibutho leMurad libhekwa, ngamazwi abahlubukayo, amakhulu, abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu. Yize lokhu kuguqulwa lokhu kwalokhu, kubhekwa iqiniso lokuthi bafika olwandle futhi babengenaso isikhathi esiningi semikhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhakhankaselo. Ngokusho kwesazi-mlando D. Engel kwakukhona izinkulungwane ezingama-40 noma ezinye eziningi.
"Kaval Acericards, ikhulu leminyaka alilona okuningi" noma yini ebangela ubuqhawe obuhlanya
Umbono webutho elisondelayo lama-OTTOMANS, ngokusho kombiko wamaphoyisa athuthukile, akakwazanga ukukhuthaza ukugcwala kokuxineka. Esokuqala sobulukhuni besimo saziswa ngu-Cardinal Cezarini. Impi kwakuwukuthi ugu lweWetland Lake, ukusuka engxenyeni esenyakatho yako. Le ndawo yayingena nge-hilly yawela phakathi kwezinhlobo zezigodi, ezazincipha enyakatho nje.Uphakamise uhlelo olunengqondo kakhulu, - ukusetha i-wagon esigcawini esivaliwe futhi alwe ngenxa yendawo yokukhosela, elinde ukufika kwemikhumbi yobuKristu nangemva kwalokho noma ukuntshisa nesitha. Ukubizwa okuthiwa yinqola noma njengoba kwabizwa ngokuthi amaSagittarius kanye neCossack ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, - idolobha elihamba ngezinyawo. Kuhlelekile eYurophu, eminyakeni engasekho ephakathi, indlela yokuqhuba impi nophikisana naye ophakeme futhi ohlasele. Inkosi uqobo lwaKho kanye nama-knighting amaningi amabutho amabutho ekuqaleni avunyelenwe, kepha lapha iZwi lathatha uJanos Hunyadi.
Ngubani noma owayesemuva kolimi lwale mphathi onethalente alucacile. Yize yena ngokwakhe edumile ngokusebenza ngobuhlakani kwempi ekuzivikeleni, kanye namabutho esitha esiphakeme, inkulumo yakhe yayingu-hatheral futhi iBribal. IHunyadi yagcizelela ukuthi lezi zenzo azifaneleki amabutho azayo eza ukunqoba. Ngakho-ke ungasebenza kuphela uma ibutho lihluliwe futhi lokhu indawo yayo yokugcina.
Kamuva, ukuthelela le ncwadi phambi kukaPapa, uyavuma ngephutha elibulalayo, okukhombisa ukuthi "izinga elithile lesibindi esingenangqondo lithumba izinhliziyo zethu." Kusele ukwenza "ukulungiswa" - hhayi "izinhliziyo zethu", kodwa "inhliziyo yakhe", futhi usevele wathethelela wonke umuntu ngentshiseko yakhe engenampilo.
Impi yokugcina yeKing Vladislav
Ngenxa yalokhu, amabutho aqala ukuxabana kwawo ngokuphakelana, inqola kanye nezinqola amaKhristu akhona ngemuva kwe-semicerle. Umhlanganyeli wempi ka-Andreas Pallastio, owachaza konke okwenzekile, watshelwa ukuthi bekufanele akhuthaze amaqhawe okulwa, angafihli. Umkhuzi wawo womabili amabutho ahlala ezikhundleni enkabeni yamabutho abo.
Murad, - uzungezwe i-janichar yakhe, ngemuva kwemikhawulo nomhlaba wasemgwaqweni, umnyango kanye nokufinyelela ekubhekeni kugadwe ngokuqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakamela abekhona lapho, amakhanda acishe abe ngu-500, alayishwe ngezicubu ezahlukahlukene ezibizayo, amagugu negolide, emi lapho uma kwenzeka lapho isitha sihlukana nokubheja. Kulokhu, kwakudingeka ukuvula izikhwama futhi kusakaze okuhle ukuphazamisa isitha ukuphamba.
Naphezu kokubonakala kobuntu, iziKronike zikaHalkokondil, uKallima noDulgosh, (i-byzantic, isiNtaliyane nesigxobo) bakhuluma ngamakamela. Eduze kweSultan Sultan kuzokhishwa umkhonto, lapho esikhundleni salokho esikhundleni sesibhengezo kuzoba nenkontileka eyephulwe. Ngaphambi kwempi, uzothwalwa phambi kwebutho ebufakazini bokukhohlisa "okungalungile."
UVladislav III, ezungezwe amabutho amakhompiyutha avela eKing Sweetheart, ngaphansi kwesibhengezo seCrusade (ebomvu ensimini emhlophe) nezinyathelo zasebukhosini zizoma enkabeni yamabutho akhe. Futhi impi eshisayo izoqala.
Impi yahamba izinsuku ezimbili, ngekhefu lokuphumula ebusuku. Ngosuku lokuqala lwempi, iKosi uVladislav izokwenza isenzo esingenabulungiswa empilweni yakhe emfushane, ekugcineni izombhubhisa futhi yethembe ukunqotshwa kwama-crusaders. Ngakho-ke ungakholelwa emva kwalokhu ekukhuphukeni kwesifungo!
Ngakho-ke, usuku lonke uhlangothi uhlangothi lulwa nempumelelo ehlukahlukene, ama-crusaders amaningi alimala, kubandakanya neHuyadi. Kodwa-ke, i-voivode yaholela ekungathathi hlangothi kuyo yonke impi, isuka eflethini iye eflethini nasekuphatheni okugciniwe. Ama-Crusaders enzelwe indawo yokukhosela izinqola, abhalwa phansi, ahlala ebambe isikhundla.
USultan Murad wayeyiqhawe elinolwazi futhi elihlakaniphile, wethula amabutho ayisisekelo eYanyChar ne-Imperial Azoov ebiba nesipiliyoni sempi nabaseYurophu lapho ama-crusadean esekhathele kakhulu. AbaseYurophu ekuchazeni iPallatio babenomuzwa wokuthi ama-ottoman awazange athinteke empini. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nale NATISK ayizange ihole ekuqhekekeni empini, zombili izinhlangothi ziphethe ukulahleka akukwazanga ukwephula ukumelana komunye nomunye.
Ngalesi sikhathi, "kudutshulwa" ngokuziqhenya kweNkosi uVladislav III, isazi-mlando sikaByzantia uHalcokondil sikholelwa ukuthi "wakhuthaza" i-retinue, ekholisa inkosi uqobo ukubhekana noSultan. Noma ngabe, kwaba, kepha inkosi encane (eneminyaka engu-19 ubudala), ihhashi likhuphuke futhi liphuthume ekubhejani kukaSultan, futhi cishe isigamu se-knightis aphuthuma. Njengoba u-Ottoman's Redomler ebhala, iNesher inkosi yamemeza:
"Ngifuna ukukhuluma uqobo nawe, murad! Inkulunkulu Ukusuka ekwesabeni! ".Kodwa-ke, i-Feat of Milos Obruch, eyabulala inkosi kaSultan Murad eNyandleni yeKosovo, uVladislav akazange ahloselwe ukuphinda. "Inkonzo yezokuphepha" kaSultan kulokhu kwasebenza ngokunganaphutha. I-YanyChars yahlukana, ilahlekelwe umgibeli futhi ivalwe kakhulu, yabulala ihhashi lakhe. UVladislav Kubarem wawela emhlabeni.
Ukwazile ukumemeza: "Sultan Murad! MR ... ". UKaraji Hyzir akakunaki ukukhala kwakhe, wagoba ngokushesha futhi wanamaphutha, wanamathisela ikhanda lakhe ngokushesha esikhwameni nasekumnikeni kuSultan. Bonke labo abahamba nabagibeli bakhe bayolandela inkosi yabo. Kodwa-ke, akekho noyedwa owakubona lokhu kufa nobusuku be-Crusaders kuzochitha ekamu ngokuqiniseka ukuthi inkosi iyaphila.
Ekuseni, ikhanda lenkosi - eliqhutshwa emkhombeni, eliboniswe phambi kwezikhundla zalo ngamaKristu nama-ottoman amaqhawe, ahlakaze inkohliso yebutho lama-crusaders. Ngemuva komzamo ongaphumelelanga wokuxosha umzimba weNkosi uHunadi, ibutho lizodlula ezintabeni futhi lizokwazi ukufika eHungary ngezinsuku ezimbili. Kodwa-ke, kuthatha kude kangaka kubo bonke, ama-crusaders amaningi kakhulu azowa ngaphansi kwe-varna ngaphansi kwama-yatagans esitha, ezigabeni, izigodi kanye nezintaba ezifanayo.
Umphumela Wempi
Ikhanda lenkosi - isifungo soSultan lizobekwa ngaphakathi nasezithakeni zengilazi, liyoba seBursa. Lapho-ke, ngamazwi kaSerb, ngaleso sikhathi ayeku-Ottoman, uMuradi uzomnika isipho kuCaulifa eCairo.
Kumele kushiwo ukuthi isiphetho sikaKhadinali Juliano Cesarini, oncenge uVladislava ukuba aphule isifungo, futhi wayedabuke kakhulu. Wazama, waqamba ngegolide, ngasekupheleni kosuku lokuqala lwempi "ukuzothela ukuthula" ngexhaphozi, ehambisana namaqhawe athembeka kuye, kodwa njengoba kwaziwa ezincomeni ze-biograph yakhe uRe Jenkins, - "Kutholwe emaxhaphozini kunqunu futhi kwalimala"
Ngakho-ke ngokudabukisayo lokhu kuqhuma lokhu, - ukukhathazeka kukaPapa neVenice kwavuka izinxushunxushu ePoland, elahlekelwe yinkosi, futhi wakugxeka ukubhujiswa kweByzantium. Ngokushesha, iSerbia, i-Valahia, iBulgaria nase-Albania izophinde iguqulwe. Onke amaBalkan azoba namandla e-OTTOMANS amakhulu eminyaka.
Izincwadi nemithombo
- N. zhigalova "impi eVarna 1444 nemiphumela yayo yomlando" (kususelwa ezintweni zemithombo yasePoland neseSerbia).
- I-Mehmed Neshry "igcwele ukukhanya: umlando we-Ottoman Dvor."