Umuntu unesifiso esingakanani ubukhona bokuphila kwempilo kuMars? Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX, lapho izithonjana zezinkanyezi ziqala ukubona imigqa eqondile zifana neziteshi eziku-Planp Place. Emvelaphi yemvelo yalezi ziteshi ezweni lesayensi akuyena wonke umuntu okholelwayo. Abamele abaningi besayensi, phakathi kwabo be-Astrogomer Lowell bahlukaniswa kakhulu, bakholelwa ngephutha ukuthi uMars wanqunywa ngezinhlelo zokunisela ezakhiwa yizidalwa ezinengqondo. ULowell wagqugquzela imibono yakhe futhi watheleleka ngenani elikhulu labantu.
Imicabango yokuthi izidalwa ezinengqondo zingaphila kuma-mars, zithwebule umcabango wobuningi emhlabeni wonke. Ngomkhiqizo womcabango onjalo yile:
- Izindaba ezimnandi, ngoba manje abalobi banesakhiwo esisha;
- Imizamo yokungena ezingxoxweni neMartians. Oxhumana naye, abantu bathuthukise wonke amasistimu, ngokwesibonelo, ama-alamu akhanyayo avela ezibukweni ezinkulu, anikeze amajamo wejometri leStoksometer emikhakheni yeSiberia (abantu abakholelwa ukuthi amasimu egolide aseMarsia angabona kahle kumadivayisi awo abonayo);
- Kuvele nokukhohlisa okubonakalayo okwengeziwe. Manje izibonakubonakude zeplanethi ebomvu "sabona" hhayi "izinhlelo zokunisela" kuphela, kodwa futhi zicishe zibe izindlu zeMartian ngisho nawo wonke amadolobha.
Kuphela ngekhulu lama-20, lapho ososayensi beqala ukuthumela ama-planethi abomvu, ochwepheshe ekugcineni baqonda ukuthi "amasistimu wokunisela", okukhuluma nge-lowell - kungukukhohlisa nje. Kepha nakaphilwa enye, umbuzo obaluleke kakhulu: Ngabe kukhona yini impilo eplanethi ebomvu, noma wayekhona nakancane?
Eminyakeni ye-XXI yekhulu le-XXI - kuze kube manje iplanethi efundwe kakhulu yohlelo lwelanga (umhlaba ekubalweni uthatha). Ososayensi bathumela amarobhothi amaningi kuye kunanoma yimuphi omunye umzimba. Iplanethi ebomvu isalokhu iyinhloso enkulu ekufuneni impilo. Kungani kunjalo? Okokuqala, ngoba lo ngumhlaba osondele kakhulu kithina, okwathi esikhathini esidlule esinezimo cishe zasemhlabeni. Okwesibili, kulula ukuyifunda kusuka endaweni yokubuka yezobuchwepheshe kunokuthi, usho iVenus efanayo lapho kushisa khona.
Yini Mars manje?
IMars yizwe elingeyona eye-shit. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lapho -63 ° C, yize ehlobo ohlangothini losuku olungafinyelela + 30 ° C C. Umkhathi weplanethi ebomvu uStarse, ukuhlukunyezwa kwawo kungu-0.7% -2% wobude bomhlaba, ngo-95.3% Kuqukethe i-carbon dioxide. Isimo saseMartian asikwazi ukubamba ukushisa isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iplanethi ingumkhakha kazibuthe obuthakathaka, ozinzile, ngakho-ke ingaphezulu lama-mars licishe livikeleke ngaphambi kwemisebe yelanga.
Ngenxa yokucindezela komkhathi ophansi, kungu-1/70 ukusuka eMhlabeni, kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi ngaphezulu kweplanethi akukwazi ukuba sefomu le-liquid. Lapho iqhwa le-marturface martian lisebusweni, ngenxa yengcindezi ephansi, ngokushesha kuhwamuka, lingena esimweni se-gaseous, sedlula isimo se-liquid.
Ngamanye amagama, uhlobo lwempilo yamaprotheni adingeka khona amanzi awuketshezi kungenzeka abe khona ku-Martian Solity.
Yini Mars eyayisendulo?
IMars yayingeyona njalo "indawo" engenamusa ". Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi esikhathini esidlule, iplanethi ebomvu yayinomgogodla oncibilikile, okuthi, ukujikeleza, kwakha amandla kazibuthe aqinile. Le nkambu ivikela indawo yokusuka emisebeni, ngenxa yayo, isimo seplanethi yayiminyene ngokwengeziwe, ngenxa yokuthi isimo sezulu saseMars besimanzi futhi sifudumele, kwana imvula ebusweni nasemifuleni yageleza ebusweni.Iminonjana yochwepheshe bamanzi bamanzi angaphezulu komhlaba bathola ku-Mars njalo. Izingcweti ze-Orbital kanye ne-rover zithathwa izithombe zemibhede ezomile, amatshe e-River, ama-canyon anezinkulungwane zemigqa emnyama, izindawo ezinesihlabathi, izigodi ezinama-yam namaphutha emadwaleni.
Ingabe kukhona impilo eMars - Umbuzo ososayensi asevele bayitholile impendulo?Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi ama-Mars alahlekelwe "ubuhle bayo" ePharadesi "cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-3 edlule. Lapho-ke umcimbi othile wenzeka ePlanethi ebomvu, ngenxa yokuthi amandla kazibuthe anyamalala, iningi lomkhathi lathathwa yilanga, amanzi athuke futhi umakhelwane womhlaba waphenduka waba umkhuhlane, umhlaba osomile, esiwubona namhlanje .
Ingabe yayikhona ngaphambi kokuba i-Mars ihlala?
"Ilebhu yamakhemikhali enamasondo" - Ilukuluku - Ngesikhathi somsebenzi wami kuMars, ngathatha okutholakele okuningi okubalulekile. Isibonelo, i-rover yathola imali ebekiwe emithambekeni yentaba, lapho kutholakala khona ama-organic compaind. Ukuhlolwa kokuhlola kwabonisa ukuthi le ndawo okuhloliwe yi-robot yake yagcwala amanzi amaningi, futhi mhlawumbe izidalwa eziphilayo zachuma lapho. Kodwa-ke, ukuze usho ngokuqinisekile, noma ngabe impilo ibikhona, ososayensi kufanele bathole ubufakazi obuqondile.
Mhlawumbe iphuzu kule ndaba lizobeka iMashMard NASA entsha, ngoFebhuwari 18, wafika eplanethi ebomvu. I-robot yacwila endaweni ye-crater Ezero - ichibi laseMartian eyomile ukusesha lapha iminonjana yempilo yasendulo yegciwane, okuthi, njengoba ososayensi bacabanga, bangadalulwa ezinhlambe ezincane.
Isihloko ngesihloko: Njengoba i-NASA Rover entsha izobheka impilo ngeplanethi ebomvu
Noma mhlawumbe impilo lapho futhi manje iyachuma?
Uma ku-Mars futhi kukhona impilo ye-microbial, lapho-ke, icashe ngaphansi kwama-polar cap cap of the ungqimba obukhulu beqhwa, kumachibi aphathwe amachibi, ngo-2018 athola uphenyo (u-ESA) wase-European Agency Probe (ESA) Mars Express. Ama-microorganisms ahambile lapha ukuze abalekele ezimweni ezibhubhisayo ebusweni bomhlaba.Amakhamera aphenya, vele, awakwazi ukuthatha izithombe zamagciwane kanye nabo njengezinto eziphilayo ezinama-orbits. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi bafuna impilo ye-microbial ku- "ubufakazi obungaqondile", ngosizo lwe-biosignatures - iminonjana yenqubo yamakhemikhali noma yomzimba yomsebenzi obalulekile womzimba.
Enye yalezi zinto eziphilayo yi-methane. Ochwepheshe baziwa izindlela ezimbili zokukhiqiza le gesi: Imvelo nezokuma komhlaba. Emhlabeni, umthombo webhayoloji wale gesi ungobuciko be-methanogenic uveza i-methane esiswini somuntu, eziswini zezinkomo, e-Wetlastain. Kubukeka futhi indlela yezwe: ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa okuphezulu nezingcindezi, ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi kuqhutshwa izintaba-mlilo.
Ngo-2019, ilukuluku lathola ukugcwala okukhulu kwamamolekyuli we-methane emoyeni martian. Kodwa-ke, i-European-Russian Orbitals Trace Gale Express, eyayilinganiswa cishe ngasikhathi sinye njenge-rover, ayitholanga iminonjana yalelimakhedi emkhathini. Kunoma ikuphi, uma i-methane ikwi-Mars ngempela, cishe ikhiqiza okuthile okuphilayo, ngoba kwiplanethi ebomvu okwamanje izimpawu zomsebenzi zentaba-mlilo, ososayensi abaze bavele, ngakho-ke leli gesi alizange livele phakathi kwenye indawo izinqubo zezwe.
Ngabe abantu bangaletha impilo kuMars?
Impela. Isibonelo, amanye amagciwane omhlaba angafika eplanethi ebomvu kanye nama-marshade. Ngaphambi kweMars, i-Spacecraft ithola izinyanga ezimbalwa, kukhona ama-microorganisms angasinda kalula ohambweni olunjalo. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi i-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, noma i-cyanobacteria ikwazi ukusinda ezimeni zeMartian.
AmaKolonists azoba usongo olukhulu 'ekuthelelekeni kweMars'. Uma kukhona inzalo ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuthumela, khona-ke ngomzimba womuntu, okunikezwa amagciwane, kuphenduka kube nzima kakhulu. Phambi kwekoloni laseMars, kufanele uqhamuke nanoma yiziphi izindlela zo- "zibulala amagciwane".
Uma kunjalo, i-rover noma umuntu izoletha ama-microorrisms asemhlabeni aze afike eplanethi ebomvu, kukhona okuncane, amathuba okuthi izivakashi ze-microbic zingenelele kwi-Martian ecosystem futhi zikuchithe.
Noma mhlawumbe impilo emhlabeni yavela kuma-mars?
Ososayensi abazi kahle indlela impilo eyavela ngayo emhlabeni. I-hyppesis ye-Panspermia iphakamisa ukuthi ingavela engxenyeni ethile yendawo yonke, bese ihlehlisa, ama-meteorites, ama-asteroid alethwa emhlabeni wethu.
Uma impilo yavela eMars, yayingafinyelela emhlabathini ngosizo lwama-microorganisms athuthuzelwe ku-Martian Borday. Lokhu kuzalela kungasuka ebusweni bakwaMars ngenxa yokuwa komzimba omkhulu, ngemuva kwalokho okunye ukushaya kwento enkulu kuzophonsa uhlobo lokuzalela endaweni, khona-ke insimu yokudonsela phansi yomhlaba izodonsela lolu bhali , futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bekuzowela phezu komhlaba. Yini amathuba womcimbi onjalo? Yahlulele wena.
Ngo-1996, ososayensi abafunda iMeteorite ALH 84001, abawela phansi, bathola izakhiwo ezinama-microscopic kuyo, ezifana kakhulu namagciwane ancishisiwe wasemhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, ukuvumela ukuthi kukhona "izivakashi ezivela kuMars" ku-Meteorite, abacwaningi abakwazanga. Imibono yahlukaniswa. Abanye ochwepheshe babala ukuthi izidalwa eziphilayo zawa esiqeshini se- "Space Pebble" ngemuva kokuwa kwakhe emhlabathini wethu, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi kwakukhona impilo kuma-Mars, akunakwenzeka, kuphambene nalokho, bathi i-ALH I-84001 kumele icatshangwe njengobufakazi bempilo yangaphandle. Ngendlela, eyokuqala yayiningi, kungekudala, kwakuwumbono wabo owamukelwa ngumphakathi wesayensi wamazwe omhlaba.
Noma kunjalo, ukutholwa kososayensi kuzosazuza kwisayensi: Kwakuhlose ukuthakazelisa emphakathini eMars futhi kwaheha inani elikhulu lokutshalwa kwezimali ezinhlelweni ezibomvu zokucwaninga ngeplanethi, ezaziphumelela kakhulu futhi ziletha imiphumela.
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