Umholi wesikhathi esizayo wezwe proletariait wayenama-pseudonym angaphezu kwama-30. Kungani ame kulokhu?
UJoseph Jugashvili, osemusha ojwayelekile emndenini ompofu waseGeorgia, ngo-1894 wangena emfundweni ngokomoya futhi waba ngumpristi. Kepha eneminyaka engu-15 wahlangana noMarxism, wajoyina amaqembu angaphansi komhlaba avukelayo futhi waqala impilo ehluke ngokuphelele. Kusukela lapho, uJugashvili waqala ukusungula "amagama" kuye. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, ukukhetha kumiswe ngempumelelo kakhulu - Stalin. Le pseudomnym isisho esingaphezu kwesibongo sangempela; Ngaphansi kwakhe wangena endabeni yakhe. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi uJugashvili waba stalin futhi kwasho ukuthini lokhu okusungulwe igama lokugcina?
Indlela yokuphila
Ama-pseudonyms eRussia ayesejwayelekile futhi evamile, ikakhulukazi endaweni enobuhlakani nakulabo abavuselele. Onke amalungu eqembu nama-Marxists avela ngaphansi komhlaba ayemaningana kuwo, ayenza ukuba sidale amaphoyisa ngendlela eqinile (uLenin, ngokwesibonelo, ayenengxenye eyodwa nesigamu). Ngaphezu kwalokho, sigcwele amasiko okwenza ama-Aliases avela kumagama asiza kakhulu aseRussia.
"Kwavele kwancishwa noma yisiphi isimangalo esihlakaniphile, bekucacile kunoma yisiphi isisebenzi futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, kwabheka lonke igama langempela lokugcina," isazi-mlando uWilliam Phelhlebkin encwadini ethi "The Great Pseudonym". Isibonelo, ngokurejista engqungqutheleni ye-IV-M, iphathi yeJugashvili yakhetha i-pseudonym ivanovich (egameni lika-Ivan). Ukususwa okunjalo egameni lama-alias eVladimir Ulyanova - Lenin (egameni likaLena). Futhi ngisho nalawo malungu eqembu lawo asuselwa egameni lesiRussia, futhi athathe amagama afanayo - okuvela egameni elihlukile.
Mhlawumbe isiko lesibili elinamandla kakhulu bekuwukusebenzisa i- "Zoological" Pseudonyms - kusuka ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane, izinyoni nezinhlanzi. Bakhethwe ngabantu abafuna okungenani ngandlela thile bakhombisa ubuntu babo obukhanyayo egameni lamaphamashi. Ekugcineni, ukusungulwa kwawo kwakungubantu abavela eCaucasus - amaGeorgians, ama-Armenia, e-Azerbaijanis. Babedelela imithetho ye-Conspiratorial kaningi, ukukhetha ama-Aliases nge-Caucasian "Tint". UKoba - UJugashvili wazibiza kaningi eqenjini kuze kube ngu-1917. Kwakuyi-pseudonym edume kakhulu ngemuva kwe-stalin.
Uhlobo
KwaGeorgia, igama lokuthi iKoba ifanekiselwa kakhulu. Ezikhundleni zezingobo zezimbali zakwamanye amazwe, uStalin uzoba nombono wokuthi wamboleka egameni leqhawe lelinye lamanoveli asesigabeni saseGeorsander Kazbegi "otseubyza". Kuyo, uKoba ongenasibindi ovela enanini lama-Personals -umps aholele emzabalazweni wokuzimela kwezwe lawo. I-Stalin Young Lesi sithombe mhlawumbe sasiseduze, kepha kufanele sikhunjulwe ukuthi igama leKOB lisesibili.
I-KOBA iyi-Georgia elifanayo eliqanjwe ngeNkosi yasePheresiya uKobadees, owanqoba i-Eastern Georgia ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-V futhi wenza uTbilisi enhlokodolobha iminyaka engu-1500. Futhi yilolu hlelo lokubonisa okungokomlando, njengesibalo sezepolitiki kanye nesifundazwe, sibeka uJugashvili ngokwengeziwe. Phakathi kokuteleka kwakukhona ngisho nama-actoographies abo.
Kodwa-ke, vele ngo-1911, kwakudingeka ukuthi kuguqulwe i-pseudonym enkulu - ukuthi kwakudingeka izimo zomlando. Iqiniso ngukuthi umsebenzi kaJugashvili waqala ukubhekana nesikhathi sabafundela iTranscaucasian, izifiso zakhe, kanye nokuxhumana nezinhlangano zeqembu laseRussia, kwakhula, kanye ne-koba njenge-pseudonym kwakufanele kuphela eCaucasus. Isimo solimi esihlukile namasiko adinga ukusakazwa okuhlukile. Ngokokuqala ngqa, i-pseudonym kaStalin, wabhalisa ngoJanuwari 1913 ngaphansi komsebenzi "Marxism kanye nombuzo kazwelonke".
Ngabe i-pseudonym malin ivelaphi?
Impendulo yalo mbuzo sekuyisikhathi eside ayaziwa isikhathi eside. Empilweni yeStalin, konke okuthinta i-biography yakhe, akunakuba yindaba yengxoxo, ukucwaninga noma imihlobiso evela kwisazi-mlando esithile. Lonke lowo "baholi bezizwe 'abathintekayo, bahlanganyela e-Institute of Marxism-Leninism, isisekelo sikaJoseph Stalin esinezitezi ezihlukaniswe kakhulu zezinto zokwakha. Eqinisweni, kuze kube yilapho uStalin ephila, kwakungekho cwaningo ngalezi zinto zokwakha. Futhi nangemva kokushona kwakhe, isikhathi eside besingaphenyi nganoma yikuphi lokhu ngenxa yokulahlwa kwehlelo lobuntu bukaStalin.
Noma kunjalo, ngemuva kwenguquko, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1920, iqembu laliyindalo endaweni yeqembu elithi "Stalin" limane nje liyahumusha ngesiRussia sempande yaseGeorgia yesibongo sakhe "Juga", okusolwa ukuthi kusho "insimbi". Impendulo yayibonakala iyinto encane. Kwakuyinguqulo eshiwo kaninginingi ezincwadini zeStalin, kanye nombuzo wemvelaphi ye-pseudonym yabhekwa "isuswe".
Kepha konke lokhu kwaba yinganekwane, noma kunalokho, ukumane nje kuxazululwe (nemibono eyiphutha), kufaka phakathi phakathi kwamaGeorgians. Ngo-1990, umlobi waseGeorgia kanye nesiboshwa sangaphambilini sezinduna ezihlushwa amaStalin zaseChina Buachidze zabhala ngale ndaba: "" UJuga "akasho lutho" ngensimbi ". "UJuga" yigama lasendulo lama-georgia lasePheresiya eline-tint yasePheresiya, mhlawumbe ligcwele ngesikhathi sokubusa kwase-Iranian phezu kweGeorgia, futhi kusho ukuthi yigama nje. Inani lamagama amaningi alihunyushwanga. Igama njengegama, njengeRussia Ivan. Ngenxa yalokho, uJugashvili usho nje "indodana kaJuga" futhi akukho okunye. "
Kuyavela, ngemvelaphi ye-pseudonym, igama langempela likaStalin alinabo ubudlelwano. Lapho kwacaca, kwaqala ukuvela izinhlobo ezahlukene. Phakathi kwazo kwakukhona nendaba yokuthi uStalin uthathe i-pseudonym, ngokususelwa kumagama angumngane wakhe ephathini naseMusress Lyudmila insimbi. Enye inguqulo: UJugashvili uthathe ukuphela kwesidlaliso esisodwa esivumelana ne-pseudonym lenin.
Kepha i-hypothesis efuna ukwazi ukuthi iphakanyiswe isazi-mlando uWilliam Schlebkin, onikezele kulo msebenzi wokucwaninga. Ngokubona kwakhe, igama lentatheli yenkululeko ye-evgeny Stefanovich, omunye wabamemezeli abavelele baseRussia abaseShayina kanye nomhumushi, omunye wabamemezeli abadumile baseRussia kanye nomhumushi ngesiRussia eTiger shkura, kwakuyi-prototype ye-aliasium. UStalin wayithanda kakhulu le nkondlo futhi wakujabulela umsebenzi kaShotta rurkambi (umfumbo wakhe oneminyaka engama-70 ubudala wawugujwa ngo-1937 eTolshoi Theatre. Kepha ngasizathu simbe, wayala ukuba afihle enye yezinhlelo ezinhle kakhulu. I-Multilingual Edition ka-1889 ngokuhunyushwa kukaStalinsky kwathathwa ekuchazeni kombukiso, izincazelo zeBhayibheli, akuzange kukhulunywa ngazo ezihlokweni zemibhalo.
Isazi-mlando siyaphetha ngokuthi: "Stalin, enikeza umyalo wokufihla uhlelo lwango-1889, wanakekela indawo yokuqala ethi" imfihlakalo "yokukhethwa kwe-pseudonym yawo bekungeke kudalulwe." Ngakho-ke, ngisho ne- "Russian" pseudonym yasixhunyaniswa noGeorgia kanye nezinkumbulo zobusha zikaJugashvili.
Catherine sinelshchikov