I-2020 izokhumbula umhlaba hhayi nje kuphela ngonyaka owephule wonke amarekhodi okushisa angenakulinganiswa futhi angakwazi ukuwela, kodwa futhi njengenkathi yomlando wesintu, lapho ubukhona bombuso wesithathu wezinhlayiyazwe olubizwa nge- "Eniona", elikhona ngobukhulu obubili Ngisikhathi esifanayo. Ngokuvamile, ukukhuluma nge-Pricle Physics, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi kuze kube muva nje bekukhona izigaba ezimbili noma imibuso - ama-bosons kanye nama-fermons. Isikhombi sokuhlukanisa izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo emakamu amabili yinani lenombolo engemuva, inombolo ye-quantum, ekhombisa umzuzu wawo we-Pulse Pulse. Ngamanye amagama, uma i-spin ethathwe ngokwehlukile ethathwe izinhlayiya inqunywa yinombolo - phambi kwakho iBoson, futhi uma ihafu-ranger inguFermion. Kulonyaka, abacwaningi bathola izibonakaliso zokuqala zokuba khona kombuso wesithathu wezinhlayiya - ama-enions, okuziphatha kwawo akufani nokuziphatha kwama-bosons noma ama-fervions. Sitshela ukuthi i-Enionas iyini nokuthi kungani ukutholakala kwazo kubaluleke kakhulu kwi-physics yesimanje.
Yini i- "Eniona"?
Inhlayiya ngayinye yokugcina endaweni yonke isuka kuma-cosmic rays to quark - kungaba fermion noma i-boson. Lezi zigaba zihlukanisa amabhlogo wokwakha womkhathi emipheni emibili ehlukene. Eminyakeni engu-2020 edlule, abacwaningi bathola izibonakaliso zokuqala zokuba khona kombuso wesithathu wezinhlayiya - i-Enionas. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ama-oons awaziphathi njengama-ferbions, noma ama-bosons; Esikhundleni salokho, indlela abaziphatha ngayo isendaweni ethile phakathi.
Esikhathini esihlokweni, eshicilelwe ehlobo lika-2020, ejeni lesayensi, ama-physic athola ubufakazi bokuqala bokuhlola bokuthi lezi zinhlayiya azihambelani nanoma yibaphi ama-mosalistics eyaziwayo yemibuso. "Besivame ukuba nama-bosons kanye nama-fervions, futhi manje sinalombuso wesithathu wezinhlayiya ezithile," kusho uFrank Wilchk, onqobayo wasePhysics kusuka ku-Massachusetts Institute of Technology engxoxweni nomagazini we-Quanachusetts.
Kusukela imithetho yama-quantum mechanics, echaza ukusebenza kwezinhlayiya zamabanga aphansi, ahluke kakhulu emithethweni eyaziwayo ye-classical physics, bayayiqonda inzima impela. Ukuze wenze lokhu, abacwaningi banikela ngokucabanga ... bathola izingodo. Konke ngoba lapho i-onion ilukiwe, enye yazo "iboshwe" izungeze enye, iguqula amazwe aguqukayo.
Imibhalo ethokozisayo ngokwengeziwe emithethweni yama-quantum mechanics kanye nokutholwa kwakamuva emkhakheni we-physics, kufundwe esiteshini sethu eYandex.dzen. Kunezinto ezishicilelwe njalo ezishicilelwe ezingekho esizeni.
Ngakho-ke ake ucabange ngezinhlayiya ezimbili ezingabonakali ezifana nama-elektroni. Thatha eyodwa, bese uyisonga enye ukuze ibuyele lapho ngiqala khona indlela yami. Uma ubheka kuqala kungabonakala sengathi akukho okushintshile. Futhi empeleni, ngolimi lwezibalo lwama-quantum mechanics, imisebenzi emibili yegagasi echaza izifundazwe zokuqala nezokugcina kumele zilinganise noma ziphambuka kuyunithi eyodwa. (Kuma-quantum mechanics, ubala amathuba wokuthi ubona, udla umsebenzi wegagasi esikwele, ukuze lokhu kuhlanganiswa - 1 kuyageza).
Uma imisebenzi ye-wave yezinhlayiyana ifana, bese ngaphambi kwakho ama-bosons. Futhi uma benqatshwa nge-coeffred e-1, khona-ke ubheka ama-ferbions. Futhi yize isiphetho sitholakala ngenkathi sifundwa isifundo esisha singabonakala sivivinya umzimba, sinemiphumela emibi ku-physics yanamuhla.
Imibuso emithathu yezinhlayiya ezithile zokuqala
Abaphenyi baphinde baphawula ukuthi ama-ferbions angamalungu abhujikhali omhlaba wezinhlayiya, ngoba awalokothi ahlale isimo esifanayo se-quantum. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-elektroni asezingeni le-fermion awela emagomeni ahlukahlukene e-athomu azungeze i-athomu uqobo. Kulesi simo esilula kukhona iningi lesikhala ku-athomu - izinhlobonhlobo ezimangazayo zohlelo lwe-periodes kanye nawo wonke amakhemikhali.
Funda futhi: Ososayensi basondela ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani kunendawo yonke
Ama-Bosons, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlayiya ezihlabelayo zinekhono elijabulisayo lokuhlanganisa nokuhlukanisa isimo se-quantum esifanayo. Ngakho-ke, izithombe ezingezigaba zama-bosons zingadlula komunye nomunye, zivumela imisebe yokukhanya ukuba ihambe ngokukhululeka, hhayi ukungaqedi.
Kepha kwenzekani uma unenhlayiyana eyodwa ye-quantum ezungeze enye? Ngabe izobuyela esimweni sokuqala se-quantum? Ukuqonda lokhu noma cha, kuyadingeka ukujula enkambweni emfushane ye-topology - ukuhlolwa kwezibalo kwamafomu. Kukholelwa ukuthi amafomu amabili alingana nge-topologing nge-topologing uma umuntu engaguqulwa abe ngomunye ngaphandle kwezenzo ezengeziwe (gluing noma ukwahlukana). I-Donut neKofi Mug, njengoba kusho lesi sisho sakudala, silingana ngokwe-Topologing, ngoba umuntu angahle abukeke kahle futhi aqhume ngokuqhubekayo.
Cabanga nge-loop esenze lapho enye ilinyayiya ijikeleze enye. Ngobukhulu obuthathu, le loop ingahle ithathwe kuze kube seqophelweni. Ngokwe-topologically, kubukeka sengathi i-particle ayizange ihambele nhlobo. Kodwa-ke, ngezilinganiso ezimbili ze-loop azikwazi ukuncipha, yanamathela kwenye inhlayiya. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngeke kusebenze loop kule nqubo. Ngenxa yale mikhawulo - kutholwe kuphela ngobukhulu obubili - i-loop yenhlayiya eyodwa ezungeze enye ayilingani nendawo yokuhlala endaweni efanayo. Yebo, ikhanda liyazungeza. Kungakho odokotela besayensi badinga isigaba sesithathu sezinhlayiya - i-Eniona. Imisebenzi yabo yegagasi ayikhawulwanga ezinqumweni ezimbili ezichaza ama-ferncions nama-bosons futhi lezi zinhlayiya azikho ezinye.
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1980, i-physics okokuqala yasebenzisa lezi zimo zokugcina umphumela "we-ractal quantum hall", lapho ama-elektroni aqoqwe khona ndawonye ukudala ama-quasiparticles anezifo ezibizwa nge-elektroni eyodwa. Ngo-1984, emsebenzini oyisisekelo wamakhasi amabili, uFrank willchek, uDaniel Alovaya noJohn Robert Sriafera bakhombisa ukuthi la mavesini angaba khona noma kunjalo. Kepha ososayensi abakaze bakubone lokho kuziphatha kwama-quasiparticles, ngakho-ke akunakufakazela ukuthi u-aning a afaneki nanoma yimaphi ama-ferns noma ama-bosons.
Kuyathakazelisa: kungani i-quantum physics ifana nomlingo?
Kungakho ucwaningo olusha luguqula - i-physics ekugcineni ikwazile ukufakazela ukuthi u-Enionas uziphatha njengesiphambano phakathi kokuziphatha kwama-bosons nama-ferncions. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngonyaka ka-2016, i-physics emithathu yachaza ukusetha kokuhlolwa, okufana nomdlalo omncane we-intron ngobukhulu obubili. UFebhu nozakwabo bakhe bakha okuthile okufanayo ukukala ukuguquguquka kwama-currents e-Collide.
Bakwazile ukukhombisa ukuthi indlela yokuziphatha kwe-enikel ihambelana ngqo nokubikezela kwethiyori. Ngokuvamile, ababhali bemisebenzi yesayensi banethemba lokuthi ama-exubo adidayo azokwazi ukudlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni amakhompyutha we-quantum. Funda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi yini ikhompyutha ye-quantum nokuthi isebenza kanjani, funda ekuqukethwe kozakwethu uRamis Ganiver.