Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, ososayensi baqala ukuqonda ukuthi izinhlayiya ezithile zokuqala - uProton ne-neutron akulula kangako. Azigcini nje ngokuhlangana kwezitini ezimbi kakhulu, kepha ukuhlangana okungajwayelekile kwezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo ezisaqhubeka ngaphakathi kwazo. Ngakho-ke, ngokuya ngemiphumela yezifundo zesakhiwo se-protoon ngawo-1960, kwavela ukuthi liqukethe izakhi ezintathu, kamuva elibizwa nge-quark.
Imodeli yokuqala yasho lokho ku-proton - ama-quarts amathathu: amabili aphezulu nangaphezulu. Ama-epithets aphezulu asetshenziswayo asetshenziswa yi-metaphorically mobsicials, asiza kuphela ukwenza amagama abe lula futhi acace kancane. Le modeli eyenziwe lula (manje seyibizwa ngokuthi - "I-Naive") enama-quark amathathu e-Proton isize ukuchaza imiphumela eminingi ebonwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Kepha hhayi bonke.
Kamuva kungenzeka ukuthi kwathola ukuthi ukuba khona kwama-quark amathathu kuphela okungazange kuchaze isakhiwo se-protoon. Uma kafushane, uchungechunge lokuhlolwa kokushayisana okuchazayo kwalezi zinhlayiya luveze ukuthi konke kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Ku-proton kukhona i-quark emithathu "eyinhloko" ephansi neyodwa ephansi), futhi imibhangqwana eminingi iqala ukuqasha, okuhlala kwenzeka futhi i-awihihile. Empeleni, empeleni, i-nucleon enhle ithi "isobho" kusuka ngaphansi kokusebenzisa izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo.
Kepha kulokhu, kwavela inkinga: Kungani kuwo wonke umzuzu owodwa we-quark ezintathu ngaphakathi kwe-proton akekho umbhangqwana ngesimo se-antiquark? Lokhu kungqubuzana nezibalo eziningi zethiyori futhi kubukeka kungeyona eyemvelo ngokweqiniso ngokuya nge-physics. Empeleni, umbuzo ongenhla uwumqondo we-asymmetry eyisisekelo yeproton.
Futhi ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe, bekusadingeka ukucacisa ukwakheka kwe-nucleon enhle, eyayiganwe ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990 yokusebenzisana kwe-Nosea (E866) ngesisekelo se-National Acceration Laboratory ye-Enrico Fermi (Fermilab) e-United Ithi. I-physics yabhekana namaphrotsheni ane-averlowed aqedwe amandla aphezulu naseminothweni eqoshiwe yemicimbi enjalo. Lapho-ke kungenzeka ukuqinisekisa i-asymmetry yokusatshalaliswa kwama-quark kuma-proton ngebanga elincanyana elincanyana ngama-quarks of the "maternal" yizinhlayiyana. Futhi ngokwesisekelo sale datha, kwenziwa okukude futhi kuvumela okungathembeki, kepha namanje akuqinisekiswanga ngesimo sezulu: kwamanye amabanga, i-proton pulse, i-asymmetry, idlalwa.
Isitatimende esinesibindi sinyakaze umphakathi wesayensi, kodwa sabukeka kahle. Ngakho-ke inani lamamodeli asetshenziselwe amaningana ngaphambili kwadingeka aphonse futhi enze ukudalwa kwabasha. Ngenhlanhla, umnyombo wendlela yesayensi yolwazi ukuqinisekiswa njalo kwemiphumela. Ngakho-ke, muva nje, ukuhlolwa okusha kwamakhono kuyinto yonke i-fermilab efanayo. Futhi walungisa kakhulu ozakwabo abathole iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 edlule.
Imiphumela yalokhu okuhlangenwe nakho yile ncwadi kwi-Journal ebukezwe ngontanga, okuyithimba elikhulu lama-physic alungiselelwe. Kwakuhanjelwe ongoti abasemazweni aphambili baseMelika, Taiwanese, ama-Israyeli kanye nocwaningo lwe-Israel kanye naseJapan, kanye nezindawo zokusebenzela ezinkulu kakhulu ze-United States naseJapan. I-main data array yaqoqwa e-Fermilab accelerator ngaphakathi kokuhlolwa kwe-E-906 / sasolwandle.
Lapho amaproton amabili ahlangana namandla aphezulu anele, ama-quark kuwo ahlangana. Noma kunalokho, i-quark ye-proton eyodwa ibhubhise ngogu lokulwa nolwandle noma okuphambene nalokho. Kalula nje, "amasobho" ahlanganisiwe. Umkhiqizo wokuqothulwa okunjalo kuzoba okungokoqobo (okungukuthi, akunakutholwa ngokuqondile) I-Photon noma iZ-Boson, ezocishe ingene kuma-muon aphikisayo ama-Muons. Kungukubamba lezi zinhlayiyana nabazokwathoni, ososayensi bahlulela izici zokusebenzisana ama-quark.
Ngokuhlolwa, inqwaba yama-proton anamandla ka-120 gigaelectronvolt (hhayi irekhodi, kepha okuningi), okuhloswe ngalo kulitshe le-hydrogen nedazi (aqukethe ikakhulu amaprotheni). Ukulungisa ama-Muons kuphela bese uhlunga eminye imikhiqizo eshayisana nezinhlayiyana, phakathi kwelitshe nezitholi zibekwe odongeni lwamamitha amamitha amahlanu. Imiphumela yayihlaba umxhwele: i-asymmetry echazwe ngenhla ngenhla yagcinwa ngama-quark, ifeza ukushaya okuthe xaxa kwenhlayiyana yonke ye-subtomic.
Vele, lokhu akuyona inguquko enkulu kwi-physics, kepha isiqinisekiso sokuhlola esibi semibono eminingana kanye nesicelo sokulungiswa kwabanye. Enye indlela, ososayensi baphinde bandisa ukuqonda kwesakhiwo se-protoon. Futhi lokhu kuzoqhubeka nokuletha izithelo zayo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yesayensi nobuchwepheshe: kusuka ku-cosmology nge-astronomy ne-physics ku-chemistry, umuthi kanye nesayensi yezinto zokwakha.
Umthombo: Isayensi Enqunu