AmaJalimane aseRussia ashiwo okokuqala emithonjeni yekhulu le-IX, nokho, indawo yokuhlala enkulu yabantu baseJalimane eMoscow State yenzeke kamuva. Ngasikhathi sinye, amaJalimane ngokwawo afika kwelinye izwe kude nentando yawo.
Emlandweni, kwakukhona "amagagasi" ambalwa okuhlala kabusha, kepha abenzi bokubethelwa abakhulu kakhulu beNOVgorod Etfuthani kanye nenhlangano yezohwebo yeHanseatic, okwakuyisizathu sokuvela kwabathengisi baseJalimane endaweni yokuhweba eholela kukho Novgorod.
Emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka, iJalimane Sloboda selisungulwe eMoscow, elibonisa inqwaba yabafokazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaJalimani aseRussia aba yiqembu elihlukile ngezimpawu zawo zesiko nolimi. Yini eyaqala ukubonakala kwayo eRussia? Kwakunjani isiphetho salaba bantu ezweni lomunye umuntu laba yizwe lesibili?
Ukuvela kwamaJalimane aseRussia
Njengoba sekushiwo, okokuqala ngqa mayelana namaJalimane eRus, bakhuluma ngekhulu le-9. Iningi labo lihlala eNovgorod, esinye sezikhungo ezinkulu zezomnotho zezwe. Abamele abantu baseJalimane bazinza kulezi zindawo ukwenza ezentengiso nezobuciko, ezinomthelela ekuphakameni kwendlela enkulu yokuhweba eholela e-Europe eRussia.
Ngaleso sikhathi, kukhulunywa ngeNovgorod "German Yard" - indawo lapho izimpahla ezahlukene zakhiwa futhi zigcinwe ekugcineni kwekhulu le-XII. Isimo saseRussia sihambisa ingxenye enkulu yalabokufika abavela eJalimane ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Ivan III noVasily III. Kepha okukhulu kakhulu iba "igagasi" lekhulu le-XVI, lapho u-Ivan Grozny asukuma esihlalweni sobukhosi.
Ngalo, kwaqala ukubonakala, iziqubulo ezi-mercenaries, abantu ababizwa ngokuthi "isiJalimane." Okuphawuleka, abanawo amaJalimane kuphela, kodwa futhi nabamele abanye abantu baseYurophu, kodwa abantu babona imfundo ehamba kancane kanye nokwanda kwe-Diaspora yaseJalimane, okwaphenduka bonke abangelosini "kumaJalimane".
Izingcweti, amasosha, lekari
Amasosha ase-Inrogen Ebuthweni lakhe, inkosi yabheka amandla amakhulu ethuswa, echitha amanani athile okuqukethwe kwawo. Njengoba isazi-mlando uTatyana Chernikov siyaphawula, iningi lama-mercenaries ekuqaleni lakha amaProthestani.Ngo-1575, kwakhiwa isonto lokuqala lamaLuthere eMoscow, okwathi kamuva kwabizwa ngokuthi yiSonto LaseSt. Michael. Ngaphansi kwe-Ivan iGrozny nayo yaqala ukuvela ama-slobods aseJalimane emadolobheni ahlukahlukene. Ezinkulu phakathi kwazo zaba yi-sloboda enhlokodolobha, eyayimelela indawo ehlukile ye-Diaspora yaseJalimane.
Ababusi baseRussia bakwazi ukwazisa isithunzi nodokotela baseJalimane, abaningi babo ababesebenze njengenkantolo. Ngalezo zinsuku, kwakukhona izibonakaliso eziningi eRussia, kodwa ochwepheshe babeqabukela. UNikolaus Buloves noTeofil MarkVart baba ngomunye udokotela odumile phakathi kwamaJalimane aseRussia, elahunyushelwa esibhedlela saseRussia esibhedlela sasendulo "i-Kellevia vertograd, i-Zevenia Creation."
Ukufuduka okusha nokuhlelwa kokuxoshwa
Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaCatherine II, abalimi baseJalimane baphinde babuyiselwa emhlabeni wesifunda saseVolga kanye nesifunda se-Steppe. Ngaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka, abameleli balesi bantu bagcina izici zamasiko nolimi, ezasele "ekheniwe" uma kuqhathaniswa ne-analogue yayo evela eJalimane, eyayihlala ivela.
Ngenxa yama-Expects 1762-1763. Kukhona ukungena okukhulu kwabantu abavela eJalimane kuya eRussia. UCatherine Omkhulu ngokwakhe wayeyisiJalimane ama-nematic, wabona ukuthi abantu bakubo babezosiza ukukwazi ukubekezelela kahle izwe elinwebekayo ngokushesha.
Akulula amaJalimane aseRussia avela ekhulwini lokugcina. Ngenxa yeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala Yezwe I, uhulumeni waseRussia wanquma ukwahlukanisa umhlaba kwabezizukulwane abavela eJalimane nase-Austria-Hungary. Kunokuxoshwa okuphoqelelwe kwamaJalimane kusuka ezifundeni lapho kumenyezelwa khona umthetho wempi, izikole zaseJalimane namaphephandaba zivaliwe. Le nqubomgomo enjalo iye yabangela izizathu nama-pogroms, aphethwe amaJalimane eMoscow.
Ngokusho kwemibiko yomlando, inani lama-poslomes lingafinyelela kubantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-120. Iziphathimandla zahlelwa ekuxoshweni okunobudlova kwamaJalimane kusuka esifundeni saseVolga kuye eSiberia, kodwa akuzange kwenziwe. Ngokwesinqumo sikaMashi 1917, yonke "izinyathelo" zokupheliswa "zimisiwe.
Isikhathi saseSoviet nezinsuku zethu
Ubunzima empilweni yamaJalimane baseRussia buqala phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili. E-USSR, amaJalimane eBaltic anikezwa ilungelo lokusuka eReich. Ngo-1941, i-presidium "ekuhlelweni kabusha kwamaJalimane ahlala ezifundeni zeVolga", okwakungumphumela wokuvalelwa kweRiphabhulikhi Yamagugu. Ngemuva kokuphela kwempi, inani labantu baseJalimane alizange linikezwe imvume yokubuyela emazweni angakwesobunxele, ngenxa yokuthi isithombe sokuhlala sabo salondolozwa kuze kube sekupheleni kwesikhathi saseSoviet.
Njengoba izibalo zibonisa namhlanje, cishe amaJalimane ayizinkulungwane ezingama-500 ahlala eRussia, kepha cishe abantu abayisigidi nesigamu bayinzalo yamaJalimane aseRussia. Kulezi zinsuku, ziningi izinhlangano ezahlukahlukene ezihlose ukulondolozwa kwesiko laleli qembu lobuhlanga, elihluke kakhulu kuwo wonke amaRussia kanye "nokuhlanzeka" kwamaJalimane. Baba yingxenye ebalulekile yomlando wezwe labo elisha.
Ekukhumbuleni kwalabo ababekhonza njengokholo nangeqiniso, bafela empini noma bathola ukucindezelwa, "amaJalimane aseRussia" Memorial asungulwa eSt. Petersburg. Esikhathini esizayo, lolu hlelo lusekelwa amanye amadolobha amaningana aseRussia, futhi iqiniso leli ndaba kuphela elikhuluma ngokubaluleka kwabokufika abavela eRussia, okwanikezelwa ezimpilweni zabo zaseRussia.
AmaJalimane aseRussia awawona nje ungomunye wabantu baseRussia, kodwa futhi nakubantu, okuba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwezwe. Ngenxa yabo eMoscow, kwavulwa izikole zobunjiniyela kanye nezindawo zokugcina ubuciko.
Ukuhamba kweJalimane, u-Adamu Weade, wabeka izisekelo ze-Russian Russian Army Charter. Umlobi odumile wemvelaphi yaseJalimane Denis Fonvizin wenza uMdali wohlobo olusha ezincwadini zaseRussia - amahlaya asekhaya. Futhi umhlanganisi wakhe, wezibalo waseSoviet wezibalo u-Otto Schmidt, waqala izinguquko ohlelweni lwezemfundo. Bonke babengelwa abantu baseJalimane, noma kunjalo, basebenzela usizo lwezwe elisha - iRussia.