Esihlokweni sakhe esishicilelwe kwi-MDPI Portal, iqembu lababhali abavela e-University of University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, State Veterience Sciences Brno, e-Czech Republic) kanye neziphetho zalo ngezinkinga zokuzalela komvuzo wanamuhla wezentengiselwano.
"Ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kwezilwane kanye nesidumbu sabo ekuhlatshweni kubhekisele ephathekayo esetshenziswa kakhulu yokuqashwa kwezilwane futhi kusetshenziswe isikhathi eside kunalokho.
Umgomo oyinhloko walokhu kuhlola ukukhomba izilwane ezinyanyekayo ezikudla nezitho zawo ezingakulungeli ekudleni, futhi azikhiphi kusuka kuchungechunge lokudla.
Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kwezilwane nakho kubaluleke kakhulu kusuka endaweni yokubuka i-epizootology kanye nokuhlolwa kwezempilo kwezilwane zezolimo.
Kuze kube manje, amandla okuhlolwa kwezilwane ekuhlonzeni nasekuboniseni inhlala-kahle yezilwane zasepulazini njengenkinga ephuthumayo isici esingakaze sihlolwe ngokuphelele futhi sihlala sisetshenziswe ngokwanele.
Iqiniso lokuthi zonke izilwane zokudla kumele zihlolwe izilwane, zenza ukubulawa kwendawo ephelele yokuqoqa imininingwane ephelele. Lokhu kunikeza ithuba eliyingqayizivele lokuthuthukisa ukubonwa kwezingozi zempilo zombili kusuka endaweni yokubukwa kwabantu nezilwane, kanye nokuqapha kahle inhlala-kahle yezilwane zasepulazini.
Izinkomba zenhlala-kahle, ezingaphethwa ngesimo somzimba sonogwaja, kulula kakhulu futhi zibhekwe ngokunembe ngokwengeziwe ngesikhathi sokutadisha umshado we-Patho-emshadweni wesidumbu kunezilwane eziphilayo emapulazini.
Okokuqala, kuphathelene nokulimala okuhlukahlukene, ukulimala okuhlukahlukene, ukuklwebhula, amathumba kanye ne-dermatitis. Imininingwane enjalo inguMthombo wolwazi ngemibandela eqhubekayo ngesikhathi sokuhamba onogwaja endaweni ebulalayo (ukulimala okukhulu) nasekulimaleni okuvela kumanga.
Ukuba khona kokulimala okusha kufakazela ezingeni lenhlala-kahle ngesikhathi sokuhamba, okuqukethwe esihlahleni, okumangalisa nokuhlatshwa uqobo. Noma yikuphi ukuvama okwandayo nobulukhuni bokulimala okunjalo kufakazela ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni kusuka kumthwali noma opharetha wokuhlatshwa. Ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela kwemvelo kanye nokuvama kwama-pathologists okutholwa kungaba yisisekelo sokuxazulula ukuthi ngabe kuyadingeka yini ukufaka izinyathelo zokulungisa nokuthi izinyathelo ezinjalo zokhonkolo zizoba khona.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imibiko yokuhlola (ikakhulukazi imibiko ngocwaningo lwe-pathological) ihlinzeka ngenani elikhulu lolwazi, ukusetshenziswa okuhlelekile kwale nqubo namandla akwenziwanga emazweni amaningi.
Izincwadi zesayensi ziyehla futhi ziyehla ngokuhlangene ngokwemigomo yokuqoqa nokuhlaziya idatha ephathelene nokutholwa kwe-pathological kuma-raba abulewe endaweni ebulawa.
Okuhlukile kusuka endaweni yokubuka ivolumu kungabizwa ngokuthi isifundo sesikhathi eside sasePoland, esithi ama-0,48% awo wonke ama-carbars afundwe kuma-polish ahlatshwayo ngo-2010-2018 aqashelwa njengokudla. Izizathu ezivame kakhulu yi-Sepsis ne-Peywoin, Alliance, isifo sepheshana eliphakeme lokuphefumula, i-coccidiosis. Izigameko ze-coccidiosis nezinye izifo zokuhlanza isikhathi esifundwayo sehle, yize ukwanda kwenani lamacala e-sepsis kwaqashelwa.
Ucwaningo ngokuqashwa kwezempilo onogwaja emapulazini libonisa ukuthi onogwaja bavame ukuba nezinkinga ezimbili ezinkulu zempilo: ukuphefumula i-phreen (ikakhulukazi kubantu abadala) kanye ne-digethive byndrome (kaningi kumanogwaja abancane). Izifo zepheshana lokugaya ukudla - imbangela evamile yokufa.
Isibonelo, i-bacterium ebanzi ye-pathogenic bacterinium perfrisens ingumenzeli ojwayelekile wezifo zamathumbu kumapulazi onogwaja. Ezinye izinqubo ze-pathological ezithinta onogwaja emabhizinisini ezimboni zifaka ama-absces aphansi, i-parasitosional yesisu, i-alopecia ne-nephritis (ama-ejeva e-toxoplasma Gondii ne-endephalitozoon cunimuli).
Lolu cwaningo lwaluhloswe ngalo ekuhlolweni kwemiphumela yesimo sokuhlolwa kwezilwane onogwaja babulewe kuma-CleatHhousees eCzech Republic ngesikhathi kusuka ngo-2010 kuya ku-2019, ngokulandela izinga lezempilo kanye inhlala-kahle yonogwaja obukhule epulazini ngenxa yalezi ziphetho.
Ibhizinisi elikhulu kakhulu laseCzech likhiqiza onogwaja abangama-130,000 minyaka yonke
Impilo kanye nenhlala-kahle yonogwaja etshalwe emapulazini yafundwa ngokusekelwe ku-1,876,929 onogwaja bathola ama-slauods ayisishiyagalolunye eCzech Republic ngesikhathi kusuka ngo-2010 kuya ku-2019.
Onogwaja babhaliswe namapulazi angama-80, lapho ibhizinisi elilodwa elinikeziwe ngaphezu kwama-50% okukhiqizwa okuphelele konogwaja eCzech Republic, okungukuthi, abanogwaja abangama-130,000 minyaka yonke.
Ukukhiqiza abanye abalimi abangu-19 basuka onogwaja abangu-1000 kuya ku-10,000 ngonyaka, ukukhiqizwa komunye umlimi abangama-21 kuvela onogwaja abayi-100 kuye kwabangu-1000, kanti abalimi abangu-39 banikeza onogwaja abangu-100 ngonyaka.
Emapulazini, onogwaja abaqukethwe kumaseli futhi baphathwe imifino. Ukuhamba kuya kwi-Claurtause kwenziwa ngabathwali abagunyaziwe ngomgwaqo kusetshenziswa iziqukathi zokuhamba namaloli, kuklanywe ngokukhethekile futhi kuvunyelwe ukuthutha onogwaja.
Unogwaja abaningi (88%) bathuthwa kude ngaphansi kwamakhilomitha angama-300 (ama-63% onogwaja abade ngaphansi kwamakhilomitha ayi-100, futhi alukho uhambo olungadlulanga amahora ayisishiyagalombili. Kuwo wonke amacala onogwaja bamangala ngogesi emakhanda kuphela ekhanda.
Izinga lezempilo eligcwele amaphuzu afakwe ku-CleatHehousees lalilawulwa ngesisekelo sokubala isilinganiso senani lama-pathologies atholwe kwinani lemvula elithola amaphuzu. Idatha emiphumeleni yokuhlola izilwane ngemuva kokuhlatshwa okwenziwe ezihlatsheni ezihlatshwayo kwatholakala ngokubuyiselwa ohlelweni lolwazi loMnyango Wezilwane waseCzech.
Isilinganiso senani lama-pathologies atholwe inani eliphelele lonogwaja abhalwe kwi-Clautause kwakungu-0.0214. Lokhu kusho ukuthi onogwaja abayikhulu abalwa ngemiphumela engu-2.14, bebhala phansi ukuwohloka kwezempilo kanye / noma inhlala-kahle, okuholele ezinguquko ezitholwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-pathoanatomic ekuhlatshweni.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi inani eliphakeme kakhulu lokufa kwabantu elihambisana nezokuthutha litholwe izinkukhu ezi-broiler (0.37%) kanye nonogwaja (0.07%), izinkomo (0.02%), amadada (0.08%) kanye nama-turkeys ( 0.15%).
Le miphumela ikhombisa ukuthi izinkukhu ezingama-broiler kanye nonogwaja benesimo sempilo esingenakuqhathaniswa bafa ngesikhathi sokuhamba kuya ekuhlatshweni kuya kokunye kunezinye izinhlobo, noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto zokuhamba zisinde kakhulu izilwane ezisesimweni esihle.
Ngakho-ke, bavalelwa izilwane ezinempilo, njengoba kufakazelwa inani elincane lemininingwane etholwe ngemuva kokubulawa endaweni ebulalayo, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zenyama.
Unogwaja isilwane ebucayi kakhulu, okuyinto kufakazelwa a okusezingeni eliphezulu lokufa phakathi zokuthutha, kanye nokushona kwezingane kuqhathaniswa okusezingeni eliphezulu emapulazini, ikakhulukazi esikhathini emva Ukukhetha.
Ikota yomvundla abancane bafa ngesikhathi sokukhuluphalaIsikhathi esifishane sonogwaja (ukukhululwa kuqediwe ngaphambi kokuthi umphumela wemibandela yokutshala uzozibonakalisa ngoshintsho ezithweni zezitho zomzimba) kanye nokufa okuphezulu ekukhuleni nasekuthuthweni (ukuqediswa kwabantu ngesimo sempilo esingaphazamiseki) kuboniswa yizibalo eziqoqwe kuma-statics.
Noma kunjalo, naphezu kwenani elincane lezithonjana ze-pathological ezenziwe onogwaja ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa esihlalweni sokugcina, ungakhomba izigaba ezithile zokutholakele futhi ukhombise ukuwohloka okuthile ngesikhathi sokutshala noma ezokuhamba.
Ithola emzimbeni nasezilembeni kwakuvame kakhulu, futhi cishe izinguquko ezibucayi kuphela, ezingathandeki ngokuya ngokuvikelwa kwezilwane.
Imbangela yokugunda kwezilwane, okubangela, ikakhulukazi, ukulimala kwezinyawo, kanye nokubandakanya ezitsheni zokuhamba ngaphambi kokuhambisa izimpahla kanye nendlela yokulayisha amarobhothi kusuka ekuthuthweni, lapho Ukulimala, ukulimala, ukucasula kanye nama-fractures kuvela.
Izitezi zocingo - imbangela ejwayelekile yokulimala nezifo (pararacratosis, i-subwenmatitis), ngakho-ke kuyalulekwa ukuthi uvale, okungenani, ama-mat.
Ubuningi obuphezulu bokufika, okuholela ekubeni nolaka olwengeziwe lonogwaja, nakanjani bungathandeki.
Amasayizi angalungile asenglilini akhawulela amathuba okunyakaza kanye nomsebenzi wemvelo kanye nezinhloso, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni okungafanele komuthi womvule (ukuguquguquka kwamathambo, i-hypoplasia yethambo).
Imishini yamaseli noma imfucumfucu yemisebenzi yokucebisa (izinti zokuhlafuna, amapulatifomu aphansi, imigudu, amagatsha) inomthelela omuhle ekunciphiseni ukucindezelwa kanye nokwenza izinto ezinolaka, njenge ukuphuma kweseli.
Onogwaja, abanikezwa ezinye izindlu (ubuningi obuncane bokufika, phansi ngamawele epulasitiki), babenemvamisa elincane lokulimala.
Ukwelashwa kwezilwane ngesikhathi sokulayisha nokulayisha ngokwako kuyisici esingozini ngokuya ngokulimala nokufa kwabantu. Ingozi yanda ngamabheji amakhulu, ngoba abasebenzi baba bancane lapho bephatha inani elikhulu lezilwane.
Ukutholwa kwe-pathological kwatholakala ezinso nasekuqandeni izitho zangaphakathi lapho kuhlola izitho zangaphakathi: cishe ukuboniswa okungamahlalakhona okungamahlalakhona ezinso (99.9%). Izinguquko ezingapheli ezisezinso nasesibindini kungenzeka zibangelwa ukungalingani kokudla maqondana nezidingo zezilwane ezithile ngesikhathi sokukhuluphala.
Ekusebenzeni kahle kohlelo lokugaya ukudla futhi, ikakhulukazi, wonke umzimba awunakuphela ukwakheka kokudla kanye nesilinganiso esihambisanayo sezakhi zomzimba, kepha futhi inani lokuphakelwa okutholwe, kanye nesakhiwo nosayizi wezinhlayiyana zawo ngazinye.
Imiphumela yocwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi ukwehla kokuqukethwe kwesitashi kanye namaprotheni kuvunywa nge-fiber kunomthelela omuhle ekugayweni kanye nenqubo yokuvutshelwa ku-Isithasiselo.
Ukuvimbela izinkinga zokugaya ukudla kanye nomonakalo olandelayo we-metabolic kanye nomonakalo kwizitho zokudla okufanele zokudla: okuqukethwe okuphezulu kokugayayo nokungavikelekile (i-fur fiber 14-18%), okuqukethwe okuphansi kwesitashi (ngaphansi kuka-14%) kanye I-Protein (15-16%), okungeziwe kwezithasiselo zezitshalo ezifanele kunconyiwe.
Kuphinde kwathola ama-abscesses amaningi (84.5%) nobumbano (14.9%).
Abscessoses abscutanes - inkinga ejwayelekile emapulazini anomvuzo wezentengiselwano. Zingabekwe endaweni onogwaja emzimbeni wonke, kepha zivame ukuvela emlenzeni wezinyawo zasemuva nasendaweni yentamo. Njengomthetho, vela ngenxa yokutheleleka kokulimala okutholwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokugcwala ngenxa yokuluma okuhambisanayo noma wokulwa phakathi konogwaja ohlala ndawonye.
Ngokuqondene nokukhathala, kunezizathu eziningi ezihambisana nezinye izimo ze-pathological, njengokutheleleka kwezifo zokuphefumula, i-gadetroenteritis, i-jade, i-coccidiosis yesibindi namathumbu. Ukuphelelwa amandla nakho kungaba ngumphumela wobudlelwano bokuncintisana obuhlobene nokuthola okuphakelayo ngesikhathi sokulinyelwa okungavumeli abantu abathile ukuthi bathole inani elanele lezakhi zomzimba.
Ngakho-ke, lezi yizinkinga zangempela ezidinga izixazululo ezingeni lokuguqulwa kokuqukethwe kanye nokuhlanzeka kumapulazi onogwaja. "
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