Lapho kunetheku elikhulu, kukhona ukuhweba kanye nenani elikhulu lezimpahla. Lapho kukhona ukuhweba, okwenziwa kwelinye izwe, kunamabutho amabili: Isisho soMbuso ofisa ukwenza izintela, kanye nabathengisi bafuna ukudlula imisebenzi yentela. Isibonelo esicacile ngu-Odessa, kanye nokwakhiwa kokuhweba okushushumbisayo kukho.
Isigaba sokuqala: UMbuso WaseRussia
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, inqaba yaseTurkey-Tatar Hadzhibay yaba yi-Russian Port of Odessa. Kwakufanele abe yisizinda sokuhweba embusweni. UCatherine waqonda ukuthi ukuhweba kudinga ukulawulwa, ngakho-ke amayunithi akhethekile ama-cossack enza ukuhlolwa nokubalwa kwezimpahla ezifika. Baba abashushumbisi bokuqala, yize bavunyelwe esikhundleni sezikhalazo ukuba bathathe ingxenye yezimpahla. Ngekhulu le-19, u-Alexander waqonda ukuthi ukuze idolobha lithuthukise, ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nezinkuthazo kudingeka ukuletha izimpahla. Ngo-Ephreli 1817, kwasayinwa isimemezelo, kunikeza u-Odessa "Porto Franco" - isimo sechweba lamahhala. Lokhu bekusho ukuthi zonke izimpahla ezifika edolobheni azikhokhiswa intela. Uma imikhiqizo iqhubekele phambili, khona-ke ngaphandle kwamasiko alawulwa yintela.
U-Odessa uphuma e- "duty-free" ngezinga elikhulu. Lokhu kudale ukuthuthukiswa kwedolobha kwangempela kwedolobha. U-Odessa waba yidolobha lesithathu loMbuso WaseRussia ngokwesibalo sabantu, ngemuva kweMoscow neSt. Petersburg. Kodwa-ke, inqubekela phambili enjalo inesifo esibuhlungu saleyo medi, futhi ibizwa ngokuthi "ukushushumbisa". Ngo-1820, abathengisi bezizwe ezahlukahlukene baqonda into eyodwa: ngakho-ke kukhona "ungathola DUT. Lawa kwakungamaGrikhi, amaTurks, amaBulgaria, amaJalimane, amaJuda, ama-Ukrayidi, amaRussia. Njengoba imbongi yaseRussia yenkululeko yesiliva "i-Edward Bagtsky yabhala:
Ubuzwe bebungakhathalekile, bekubalulekile ukuthi unenhlanhla "ngakolunye uhlangothi lweMithethonqubo Yamasiko." Okokuqala, kukhishwe ngaphesheya kwemifula (i-Dnipro naseSouth Bug) ngaphesheya kolwandle), kodwa lapho-ke ukulawula imilomo yemifula kwaqiniswa. Ngemuva kwalokho abathengisi abancane baqala ukudlulisa izimpahla ngokusebenzisa ama-rips ebusuku. Ukuchezukisa i-RIBAS encwadini yakhe ethi "Odessa Omdala" ichaza ukuthi bathambisa kanjani izikhwama zempahla "yokufuya amasiko". Kepha bekuyingozi, futhi imikhiqizo entekenteke ayifinyeleleki kakhulu ekuhambeni okunjalo. AmaCatacombs eza ukuzosiza abashushumbisi ... abathengisi bathenge iziza zomhlaba emadolobheni aphansi, ezakhelwe ekhaya, nasemagumbini anezindawo zokugcina impahla, okuqhutshekwe kuwo ama-catacombs. Ugwayi waseTurkey othengisiwe, amaGreek neMoldovani iwayini, imihlobiso, izindwangu, izikhali, itiye, ikofi, imidwebo nokunye okuningi. Izimpahla ezilethwe ngemikhombandlela emithathu.
Amacala angajwayelekile wokushushumbisaNgizonikeza isibonelo nge- "Malvazia". Edolobheni kubiza ama-kopecks ayi-5, nangamasiko - 25 nangaphezulu. Ngakho-ke, uma uzungeza umsebenzi, emabhodleleni amahlanu kungenzeka ukuthi uthole i-abble e-1, ukuthengiswa okumangalisayo. Kepha akupheleli lokho. Iwayini lalinamandla kakhulu, okusho ukuthi kungahlanjululwa ngamanzi ngaphambi kokuthengisa. Inzuzo inyukile, futhi iklayenti lanelisekile. UMikhail uthuli emsebenzini we- "Eccentrics emangalisayo kanye nokwangempela" uchaza amanye amacala angajwayelekile wokushushumbisa. Isibonelo, ezinye izintokazi zazama ukuthwala izimpahla. Abanye bafihla ubucwebe bezingubo ezibanzi, abanye - basongwe izindwangu ezibizayo. Kepha inhloko yezethulo zamasiko uZosim u-Ivanovich u-Ivanovich u-Ivashovich u-Ivashenko wayenomusa: Ngaphezu kwalokho, amantombazane ngokwawo avumela ukwengamela. Isibonelo, izinto zehlile noma zanamathela ezindwangu ezishushumbisayo zezinzipho. Kepha akubona bonke abantu ababenjengoZosim Ivanovich, amaphoyisa amaningi amasiko athatha ngenkuthalo, futhi nakubanye abahlanganyele kwezohwebo. Ngo-1859, into entsha u-Alexander II yaqala ukulwa nokushushumbisa, futhi into yokuqala akwenzayo yaphucwa i-Odessa ye- "Mahhala Isimo sePort ". Lokhu kwakusho ubunzima obukhulu bokushushumbisa, kepha hhayi ukuphela kwakhe.
Isigaba sesibili: Ukuguqulwa kwempi kanye nempi yombango
Ukungazinzi kwezepolitiki kuyisikhathi esifanele sezigebengu nabashushumbisi. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, abaphangi ngokwabo kanye nezifebe zingaba isithiyo sokuhweba. Kulokhu, i-duet yayibalulekile nangokwesibili. Ngakho kwenzeka e-Odessa ngo-1919 - ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1920. Ukuhlaselwa okudumile nama-moldaving misha jap (iwayini-vinnitsa) nosomabhizinisi bendawo uNatali Frenkel bahlela i-duet. UMishka wahlela ukubambisana nokuphepha, kanye nokubambisana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezingazinzile, futhi uFrankel wahlanganyela ekuhlinzekweni nasekuthengisweni kwezimpahla. Ngo-1919, uNathan wasungula ukwethenjwa komhlaba okwakushushumbisiwe. Ngemuva kokusungulwa kwamandla eSoviet, kwakudingeka kulingise imisebenzi yezomthetho, futhi uFrankel wadala inkampani yokuthumela. Ngaphansi kwe-Guise of Traffic yabagibeli, wangeniswa izimpahla e-Odessa. Kusukela ngo-1922, inhloko ka-Ogpu Dzerzhinsky ngokwakhe yathatha umzabalazo wokufakelwa ezandleni zabo. IJap yadubula izitho ze-GPU emuva ngo-1919, futhi kwaboshwa uFrandel ngo-1923. Kamuva waba ngomunye wabasunguli be-Gulag System. Kepha le yindaba ehluke ngokuphelele ...
Isigaba sesithathu: I-USSR
Ngo-1960-1980, ezimeni zezikhumbuzo zokusilela kwezimpahla, isidingo sezimpahla ezingenisiwe sanda, noma njengoba zikhuluma "nefemu". Ama-Jeans, amakha, ugwayi, utshwala, amapuleti - konke kwathengiswa. Uma izimpahla zingena ngaphansi komsebenzi, kungavela enye inkinga ethile: Akazange afike emakethe yaseSoviet General, etholakala kuphela ku-nomenclature ezitolo "Birch". Kungakho "Abathengisi" (abathengisi bezimpahla zokushushumbisa) e-Odessa bathandwa kakhulu. Encwadini filerberg-Blanca "Odessa Gangitskaya", le ndaba ichaza ukuthi umshayeli wemikhumbi emibili usungule kanjani ukulethwa okungekho emthethweni e-Italy. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bathola abashisekeli abaningana kumasiko nakuhulumeni kahulumeni. Imali etholwayo ibingafinyelela kuma-300%, kepha ngokushesha omakhelwane babona ukuthi banokunethezeka okuningi, kanye nemoto ethengwayo ebizayo. Ngenxa yalokho, amamishini, futhi kungekudala abasebenzi bama-Services bakahulumeni abandakanyeka ekuthunyelweni.
Namuhla u-Odessa uyaqhubeka nokuba ngomunye wezikhungo zohwebo olumnyama olwandle. Lokhu kusebenza kokubili okungakhokhiswa intela ("isithunzi"), njengotshwala, ugwayi, ubucwebe kanye nokuvinjezelwa. Ngo-2010, kwenye yemikhumbi etholakele ... 1.2 amathani e-cocaine ngenani lama- $ 180 wezigidi. Namuhla, u-Odessa Shiggling inkinga ye-Ukraine. Kuphuma, ukushushumbisa eSouth Palmyre kusindile embusweni, nezwe lezeluleko ...