UMehmed I Cherestubi, indodana encane ye-Ottoman Sultan Bayazida ngangingumuntu ongavamile. Njengoba sesiphile impilo emfushane, wakwazi ukugcwalisa ngangokunokwenzeka, obekuzoba nokwanele kwababusi abayishumi. Wahlanganyela mathupha ezimpini ezingama-24, lapho amanxeba angama-42 ezinkemba, amakhophi nemicibisholo. Kulaba bafazi abathathu bakaSultan bazalwa amadodana ayisikhombisa namadodakazi ayishumi nanye. Wabhubhisa emzabalazweni wamandla abo bonke abafowabo.
Kepha into esemqoka - lapho inzalo edumisa khona, phakathi kweminyaka engu-8 yakwazi ukubuyisa cishe ubunikazi be-Ottoman sultanate futhi yahlanganisa ukufana, yahlula izitha zangaphandle nezingaphakathi kuyo ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu.
Intsha emfushane yesikhathi esizayo uSultan Mehmed
UMehmed Chelaby wazalelwa cishe ngo-1387-1389 eBursa, kusukela ku-Devlet-Hatun noma iSultan Hatun, uma kungewona amagama amabili wowesifazane ofanayo. Ngesikhathi sokuhlulwa nokudingiswa kukayise ngo-1402 bekufanele ngabe bekuneminyaka engaba ngu-13-14 ubudala. Empini yase-Ankara, kungenzeka ukuthi akazange ahlanganyele noma akwazile ukuthatha umhlalaphansi futhi akazange akwazi ukuklela uTamerlan, ngokungafani nabafowabo abadala uMastafa noMusa.
Uzothathwa nge-bataziny Pasha, umbusi edolobheni lase-Amasiai, walinikeza ukuvikela nangokuphikise. Lapho uMedmed eba sultan, uzokhiqiza kabusha umhlomuli wakhe kwisilevu se-great vizier. Ngemuva kokushona kukababa ngonyaka we-1403, intsha iphela futhi umthwalo wokukhathazeka kombuso umlinde.
I-Sultanat ihlukaniswe phakathi kwabafowabo bobabili e-Isu eBursa naseSuleIman eRhelia, kwathi lapho evikezela umama wakhe owayevikezelwa umbusi wendoda kaTamerlana, "kusho uKara Develsha.
Impi yokuqala enkulu kaMehmed izobamba eneminyaka engu-15, iqoqa amabutho athembekile, i-Beabul ebusuku Ukuhlaselwa, izokhipha i-Amassia futhi ibulale uKara Devletusha, yamemezela uSultan, kuze kube manje kuphela empumalanga ye-Anatolia. Ngakho-ke indlela yakhe izoqala ukubuyisela ubukhulu be-Ottoman eyangaphambili.
Indlela ye-Fratricide to Restone
Cishe iminyaka eyi-11 phakathi kwabafowethu abathathu, umzabalazo ongenakuqhathaniswa welungelo lokuba uSultan uzohamba. Okwesikhashana esenkumini yezepolitiki nezempi yaleso sikhathi esinezinkinga, umfowethu wesine - uMusa Chelaby uzovela. Kusolwa ukuthi wanikeza uTamerlane Mehmonda ngesicelo sakhe. Akukaziwa ukuthi malini amanga, kepha uMusa uzokwenza ohlangothini lukaMehmed nangempi emaceleni amabili azonqoba uSouleman, kepha uMusa ufuna ukuthatha indawo yakhe futhi abhujiswe nguMehmed.
Ngo-1413, uMehmed uzomemezela eSultan futhi aqale ukubuyiselwa kwamandla ka-Ottoman phezu kwempahla yangaphambilini. Abafowabo ababulawa ngumyalo wakhe, yena ngokungcwaba okukhulu eBursa eduze kukayise. Kakade ngo-1415, uzonqoba yonke i-beiliki ehlukene eMalaya Asia, ngaphandle kwaKaraman. Uzomhlasela ngo-1417, kepha azoma ekunqobeni kukaKonya futhi ngeke aqhubeke.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uzokunqoba u-valachia nebutho lakhe bazofika eTransylvania, bazonqoba i-anatoly enkabeni ne-Albania. Ukuza eCentral Danube, kuzokwakhiwa inqaba enamandla yokuvuma amandla akhe lapho (manje manje idolobha laseGouhruz).
Uzozama ukulwa olwandle, neVenice Republic. Lokhu kwakuyizenzo zamasosha zokuqala zemikhumbi yaseTurkey olwandle. Okokuqala "DAMN" kwaphuma, njengoba kufanele, "Komom." Imikhumbi yase-Ottoman izophulwa, futhi imikhumbi engama-25 ibanjwa amaVenetians.
Ngenkathi ngikwaMehle ngibuyisela ubukhosi besimo sakhe futhi wandise impahla yakhe enkundleni yezepolitiki umlingiswa omusha wavela. Umfo wesihlanu, - uMastafa wavela ndawo.
Kwaphela isikhathi eside kukholakala ukuthi wabulawa, ndawo ndawo lapho kushisa impi e-Akara noma ekudingisweni uTamerlan, kodwa cha, kwavela futhi kwafuna ingxenye yoMbuso. UMehmedi uqobo wabiza umfowethu omusha ngumkhohlisi, inguqulo efanayo yenzeka emibhalweni yomunye wezazi-mlando zokugcina zeByzantium George Sphrandzi.
U-Brantz uzame, uzisize osizweni olusobala lweVenice ne-Byzantium, ukuqeda uMehmed, kepha wabalwa. Yaphulwa ikhanda, kepha ayibulawa. Wathunyelwa esiqhingini sase-Lemnos, ngaphansi kwesitoreji esithi "Isitoreji Esibhekele" soMbusi waseByzantine.
Ukulwa noSultan namaKhomanisi
UMehmed angizange ngizibophezele ngokulwa nokulwa "okungalungile." Kuyacaca, kwakudingeka alwe kakhulu nabafowethu futhi aphulwe nge-bayliki eMalaya Asia, naseChristian Byzantium, noma ngabe kwakuyini, kwakuyini, kwakungu-ally. Emlandweni, uzofaka igama elithi "Noble", kubandakanya ngenxa yesimo sengqondo eselezo ezinkolweni ezahlukahlukene ezamvuma ukuthi zithunyelwe.
Kodwa-ke, kunendoda eSultanate yakhe, ozoba ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe eminyakeni eyikhulu. Umqondo wobukhomanisi akumelwe uzelwe hhayi ekhanda likaKarl Marx, hhayi ngisho nasemikhawulweni yeFree France, inezimpande ze-Ottoman. Futhi isiqubulo esithi "Inkululeko, Ukulingana, ndodana!" Bayoba nombala wempumalanga, okuvela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XV emibonweni yeSheikh BeddDendin.
Ngokusekelwe umbono wokuthi uNkulunkulu uyena yedwa wonke namaSulumane, okungadingeka womabili la maKristu, futhi amaJuda, lena bakhanyiselwa futhi wafundiswa uyobeka phambili balingane jikelele, ukuqedwa yangasese kanye kokugumbuqelwa autocracy.
Ngaphansi kwamabhanela akhe azophakamisa inani elikhulu labampofu futhi abaphethwe yigazi labantu abanegazi. Ngekhulu lama-20, wayezonqotshwa ngokungenakugwenywa ngenguquko yakhe ngekhulu le-XX, kepha ikhulu leminyaka laliyi-XV. Ukunqoba kabili amabutho aseSultan, empini yesithathu aphulwe, ngo-1420, iningi le- "Communism Recovers" labulawa, futhi uSheikh embhedeni ngokwakhe walengiswa.
Impilo yomndeni nokufa kuMehle Mina
Abafazi bakaSultan babebathathu, ababili babo, - u-Emine-Hatun noShehzade Hatun babengamaSulusti ababusi bamakhesi be-beilikov, kodwa akukho lutho ngoKumru Hatun ngokungaziwa, mhlawumbe wayesekhona nje.
Amadodana akhe ayozalelwa ayisikhombisa, amabili azokufa. UKasim uzofa ebuntwaneni, cishe oneminyaka emi-2. UMedmed eneminyaka engu-13, futhi isihlalo sobukhosi siyodla ifa leMurad II, emva kwalokho azoyithola izimpumputhe abafowethu abathathu, u-Ahmemeli, uManzini noYusufa "Bratski", ukuze bagweme ukubuya kwabo. Bonke laba bazalwane bazokufa ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kwesifo eBursa ngo-1429.
Mhlawumbe umfutho esinqumweni esinjalo kuzoba yiso uzungu kanye nokuvukelwa komunye umfowethu mustafa "Kyucheuk" - ehumusheni "Jr.", wabulawa ngo-1423. Yize kungenzeka, ukungaphuphuthekwa kwabafowethu, kuzoba yizenzo 'zokuthuthuka'.
Amadodakazi akhe azoba neminyaka eyi-10 noma eyi-11, bonke bayoba ngabafazi bababusi bamakhelwane, abacindezelwe i-Beilikov. I-Sultan Hatun, Selchuk Hatun (mhlawumbe emibili enegama elifanayo, elinye lalo lashona ngaphambili), i-Ilaldi Hatun, i-Aitti Hatun, i-Hafs Hatun, kubizwa ngokuthi amakhosikazi Kubabusi baseBeilikov, kepha ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngamagama abo.
Njengoba kubonwe uSultan, yize bematasa ngempi nezepolitiki, kodwa futhi kwakuyizithelo eziningi. Kodwa-ke, akuzange kumiselwe ukuphila "kukhuphuka eLaurels".
Ngo-1421, ngesikhathi sokuzingela, wawela ngempumelelo ehhashini. Ukuhlabelela ukufa kwakho kwabalimele kwalimala, wayala ukuba abize indodana, uMuragu, owayezodlulisa isihlalo sobukhosi. Le yindlela umlando azobhalela ngayo iSocaugula:
"Izindaba zokufa kukaSultan zaqhubeka nemvelo eseduze imfihlo eqinile yezinsuku ezingama-42. Kwakungokokuqala lapho ukufa kweVladyka Osmanov kufihle isikhathi eside kangaka. Ingxenye yamabutho asola okungalungile, kwavela ubungozi bokuvukela. Bese kubavumela "uthuli esweni," kuqhutshwa yimpi yamasosha. Isidumbu esihlangene sikaSultan sasigqoke izingubo ezicebile, isigqoko saniselwa emakhanda sawo, sabeka isigodlo "sePharade" efasiteleni. Ngasikhathi sinye, inhlonipho inhlonipho yathutha izandla zayo ukudala ukubonakala kokuzikhazimula kukaSultan. "Ngisho nangemva kokufa kukaSultan Mehmed bekufanele ngibambe iqhaza ekuxazululeni umbuzo wombuso ekuvinjelweni kweziyaluyalu empini.
Ukugcina
Izazi-mlando eziningi zaseTurkey zibiza ngoMehmed I wesibili (ngemuva kokuthi u-Osman uqobo) umsunguli woMbuso Wase-Ottoman. Yini evunyelwe lomuntu omangalisayo esikhathini esifushane kangaka esinjalo, kwaba kanjani nokuzilibazisa kwalowo wangaphambili wesifundazwe sase-Ottoman?
Iqiniso lokuthi nsuku zonke agcwalisa ngencazelo, okuqukethwe kanye nomsebenzi. Ungayeki umsebenzi wakho ngaphandle kokuzikhulula futhi uphumule. Konke lokhu kukhunjulwa yiqiniso lokuthi ubengaphansi kosongo lwangempela lokubhujiswa okungokomzimba okuvela kuwe, nakukufika ekufeni kwakhe kokuqala.
Uhlobo lweqhawe olunikezwe yena ngesiphetho sakhe, savunyelwa ukuthethelela lokho "konke okungazange kusibulale," kusenza sibe namandla. " Kungakho, behlula ubunzima, wathola ubukhulu kubantu bakhe. Yize i-erony yesikhathi esingenayo ayihlali ngenkemba enkundleni yempi futhi hhayi kusuka ku-dagger eSigodlweni sePulace, kodwa ngokumane nje kusuka ekuweni okungaphumelelanga kusuka ehhashini. Ngempela, awusoze wazi ukuthi ungathola kuphi - lapho ulahlekelwa khona. "
Izincwadi nemithombo:
- UCaroline Finkel "Iphupho Osman: Umlando we-Ottoman Empire 1300-1923"
- B. P. Kinross "Ukuqhakaza nokubola koMbuso Wase-Ottoman"
- Yu. A. Petrosyan "uMbuso Wase-Ottoman. Amandla Nokufa "