UNikolay Ladovsky ungumakhi ohlukile, "ongabonakali" obamba iqhaza kumaphrojekthi amaningi "hhayi akhe. Enye yazo incwadi ethi "Izakhi zezakhiwo zezakhiwo nezendawo" (1934). Phakathi kwababhali uN. ILadvsky (njengasemadolobheni amaningi amaphrojekthi) ayicaciswanga.
Iya engxenyeni yokuqala ye-athikili
Kodwa-ke, ukubona igama elisembozweni, akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi akubanga ngaphandle kweLadovsky. Ababhali - Amalungu e-Asnov: UVladimir Krings, u-Ivan Lamstsov noMikhail Turkus. Okubili kokugcina - futhi nezifundo zeLadovsky. Futhi bonke abathathu - othisha bakwaManje bama-vhutemas bese kuthi isikhungo sezakhiwo zaseMoscow. Ngakho-ke, izindlela ze-pedagofy zakhiwa e-Asnov okungenani zigcinwe ngokwengxenye.
Ngasikhathi sinye, kukholwa ngokusemthethweni ukuthi uNikolai Ladovsky, phakathi kwesisindo semisebenzi yokuncintisana ebukhazikhazi, amaphrojekthi amabili kuphela asetshenzisiwe:
- Eningizimu pavilion metro "isango elibomvu";
- Ihholo eliphambene lesiteshi seMetrozhinskaya.
Nakho konke ... kubonakala kunjalo. Ngoba akuyona yonke into elula kakhulu.
Ngempela, ama-90% ababhali ashiwo ngokucacile: Amaphrojekthi amabili asetshenzisiwe. Kepha ngisho nakuWikipedia, okwesithathu sekukhonjisiwe: Izindlu ezimbili ze- "Pourser Gazeta", izidumbu ezi-3 nezingu-5 ezindlini.
By the way, abaklami baka-Asnov bathuthukisa iphrojekthi yenkundla ebomvu eLuzhniki, eyathola indondo yegolide yombukiso wezwe wango-1935 eParis. Lowo lapho i-Pavilion Melnikova kanye nomsebenzi wekilabhu esebenza kuyo uRodchenko ayesabisa.
KuLadovsky kunobudlelwano obuqondile kakhulu.
- Okokuqala, ngokungafani no-opharetha wokwakha, oqoqe inani elithile elilingana nekhono nabelokhi abanethalente, i-Ausnov lihlelwe eduze neLadovsky, ubuntu bakhe kanye nemibono yalo yohlobo: "Ubuntu bayo buwubuciko obusebenza kahle."
- Futhi okwesibili, okubaluleke kakhulu, indlela yayo kusukela ekuqaleni iphakamisa umsebenzi we-collegial.
Ngakho-ke kunoma yiliphi iphrojekthi yeqembu i-Asnov, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu kwabafundi bakhe baseVhutelas, kukhona nomsebenzi weNikolai Alexandrovich.
Ngabe sesijwayelene neLeningrad Houseng eTraktar Street? Kepha umsebenzi weqembu leMoscow lase-Asnov: Havo-Shabolovsky zhilmassiv (1927-30).
Okokuqala, kubuye kube yiphrojekthi yokwakha indawo yonke, ngesakhiwo sokuqala sezindlu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuwo wonke amaphrojekthi, kwakudingeka ukugxila emithethweni: Izigaba ezijwayelekile zokuhlala ezibekwe yimithetho. Izitezi kanye nesikhundla sezindlu maqondana "nomugqa obomvu wemigwaqo", njll.
Yini engazange ivikele isixazululo sokuqala: ukuhlela ekhaya ngakwesokudla komunye nomunye, uwaguqula ngamadigri angama-45 maqondana negridi yemigwaqo ezungezile. Izindlu zigxile ezinhlangothini zomhlaba: amakamelo okuhlala nama-balconies athathwe eningizimu, amakhishi, ama-bathpubs namakamelo afanayo - enyakatho.
Lapha ungabona amakhona abonakalayo kanye nama-erkers, futhi ahlukaniswe ngamabomu ngombala: okulungisiwe futhi kucaciswe ngemuva kwezindonga zezitini ezinganakiwe.
Kwezinye izikhala ezinemigqa evundlile, iBelt Glazing yenziwe - empeleni, ikhambi, isici esithe xaxa sabakhishelwayo. Ukube basebenzise umhlobiso, bazabeka amavolumu abasebenza ngakunye, noma "bakhombisa" uhlaka lwesakhiwo; Yebo, "okukhonjwe" amafasitela eBhabheli ayengahlali nezimali eyanele.
Ama-Fasolists ahlotshiswe ngendlela ehlukile ngokugcizelela amandla, ukwakheka, isigqi, amavolumu.
Njengokwesibonelo, edolobhaneni elithi "Budnovskaya" emgwaqweni omkhulu weposi (inhloko kaM. Motaleva, Architects A. Fufaev kanye neMephu) abahilelekile kwi-ASNOV).
Futhi uhlelo lwedolobhana lukude nakukuqonda kokusebenza. (Khumbula umbono kaCorbusier, ukuthi amadolobha amadala aseYurophu "ayakhiwa ngemithamo" eya lapho, angadlula kuphi? Umuntu ubeka indlela yakhe aqonde ngqo.)
Kepha amagama ambalwa ngombala.
Ukukhuluma ngokuqinile, "Ukuhlobisa" Ukuhlobisa kusebenzisa abakwaCorictCrivists. Lesi yisikhathi se-avant-garde! Futhi ama-Neaded Fasus awakhohlwa ngokusebenza. Isibonelo, ukuzulazula ekhaya ngeWindows South noma eningizimu-mpumalanga. I-Russia akuyona i-Italy noma i-South France, lapho udinga ukucasha khona elangeni ... nase-Havo-Shalebovsky yokuhlala amakamelo okuhlala ahlala ezindaweni eziseningizimu, amakhishi, amakamelo okugeza kanye namakamelo afanayo - enyakatho.
Futhi ngaphezulu: ukusebenza okuyingqayizivele (noma, ngokunembile, ukusebenziseka) kuyazibonakalisa ekukhetheni kwezinto ezibonakalayo.
I-Fetish Corntivists - ukhonkolo oqinisiwe. Kepha e-USSR 20s ngokukhiqizwa kokhonkolo oqinisiwe, futhi futhi, isimo asinandaba.
Ama-proationalists asebenza ngezitini, kwesinye isikhathi - ukusetshenziswa kwesibili, kusuka ezakhiweni ezindala ezihlangene. Izitini eRussia kakhulu, ukukhiqizwa kwalo kuyakhokhiswa, futhi zakhiwa ngokushesha ngamagquma. Ngokugcwele usebenzisa ukuthungwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, i-chromatictity yayo, impumuzo engaphezulu; Ikhono lokubeka amafomu anzima.
Lapha, ngendlela, ophahleni olubekiwe eHavsco-Shabolovsky zhilmassiv.
Uphahla olusicaba lupholile kakhulu. Eshibhile futhi kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubeka indawo yomphakathi lapha. Kunjalo nje manje, ngezinto zesimanje kanye nobuchwepheshe, lolu phalu luvame ukwenzeka. Futhi ngaleso sikhathi ...
Khumbula indlu, ebizwa ngokuthi ngenxa yokuvuza okujwayelekile kwe- "izinyembezi zezenhlalo"? NaseYurophu ephumelelayo, lokhu kwenzeke. Basho, baqhubeka ngokuhlelekile nophahla lweVilla edumile yaseSavoy, enye yamaphrojekthi asemqoka uLe Corbusier. Wakhele okuthile ngalobu buchwepheshe obuke baba naleso sikhathi.
Kepha ama-Fasolist of the Soviet awona amahloni hhayi izitini noma ophahleni olubekiwe. Kepha "i-chip" ekhethekile yesitayela sokwakha izindida ezingezona ezijwayelekile zendawo.
Izakhiwo zokuhlala zivame kanjani ukulahla? Imigqa ehambisanayo "yekholamu"; "EShangu", ukuphela komunye nomunye, kwesinye isikhathi kwakha "isoseji" enwetshiwe; I-Cross-Cross; Isikwele ...
Izeluleko zezinhloso "ze-Trilisnist", zizungeze, isibonelo, izitebhisi. Iphrojekthi yokuqala enjalo iyiqembu le-vhutemovskaya yeLadovsky, ngo-1924 ngendlu eSokolniki. Ngakho-ke ayikhiwa.
Yakhelwe kwiphrojekthi ehlukile e-Siva Enemy ngo-1930-32. Futhi lo omunye umsebenzi "ongaziwa" weLadovsky.
Kepha "okhishwe ngokuphelele" kusekela phansi kokuqala. Kungenzeka yini ukwakha ngezinsizakalo? Ingabe ifanelana nesixazululo sendawo?
Yebo ngicela!
Le ndlu ayikho ohlwini lwemisebenzi yeLadovsky, kepha cishe yaklanywa ngokubamba iqhaza kwayo ngqo. Ikakhulu uma ukhumbula ukuhlanganiswa komsebenzi e-Asnov.
Phakathi kwabasunguli baka-Asnov kwakuyi-El Lisitsky edumile. Futhi, kubonakala sengathi kwenziwa yiprojekthi yezakhiwo kuphela - indlu yokuphrinta yomagazini "Ogonek", 1932. Mhlawumbe, kungabonakala ubumbano?
Kepha enye (indaba efanayo nezakhiwo "ezingaziwa" zeLadovsky!) Iphrojekthi yeLisitsky: Ukwakhiwa kwe-CPKIO Directorate. I-Gorky. Sasicwengile futhi sasebenzisa umlandeli wakhe eLisitsky njenge-Arch Architect CPCO esemqoka esekelwe kwiphrojekthi yawo.
Ngo-1928, iLadovsky, ngokusobala, inquma ukuthi abafundi bakhe bakulungele ukusebenza okungokoqobo. Uphuma emsebenzini oqhubekayo we-theoretical of Asnov futhi uhlela i-ARU - Inhlangano Yamadolobha Abakhi Bamakhaya. Igama libonisa ngokugcwele izinhloso zenhlangano: ukuthuthukiswa kwezinjongo zasemadolobheni namaphrojekthi.
Kwathi ngo-1932, iLadovsky inikezela ngephrojekthi yakhe yohlelo olujwayelekile lokwakhiwa kabusha kweMoscow. Ngokusho kwakhe, kusukela embhalweni wezomlando, izindawo ezintsha kufanele ziphambuke isigaxa esandisayo sibheke eTver.
Ubiza lolu hlelo ngokuthi "Parabola".
Isakhiwo se-radial-ring umdwebi ethathwa njengephelelwe yisikhathi futhi sinciphise ukuthuthukiswa kwedolobha. Kepha, ngokungafani ne-corbusier efanayo nemibono yakhe emihle, "konke ukudiliza nokwakha njengoba kudingeka", iLadovsky igcina umlando waseMoscow, kepha ingxenye entsha yokwakhiwa kwedolobha ihlela ngendlela entsha. Ingxenye ephakathi kwe- "Parabola" indawo yokuhlala ebekiwe, izindawo zezimboni "i-Framing" isakhiwo sokuhlala emikhawulweni. I-Parabola yembulwa endaweni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga, ishiya idolobha ithuba lokukhula.
Njengoba wazi, iphrojekthi ehluke ngokuphelele yamukelwe ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe- "Stalinist" ekwakheni kabusha eminyakeni eminingana. Kufaka phakathi okutholakele nokwakha isakhiwo esidala senhloko-dolobha.
Kepha kumephu yesimanje yeMoscow, sizobona, hhayi, hhayi "parabola", kepha ... siyanda futhi sikhipha esitsheni "esidala". Kuliqiniso, akawashiyi maqondana ne-tver, kodwa eningizimu-ntshonalanga - kepha umbono weLadovsky uqagelwa lapha. Angazi ukuthi ngabe kwakunethonya okungenani elithile lapho sithuthukisa uhlelo lokuthuthuka kwedolobha. Kepha kusobala ukuthi noma yimuphi umakhi omncane wekhono noma uchwepheshe wokuhlelwa kwedolobha kufanele ujwayele umlando wezakhiwo ...
Futhi ngonyaka phambilini, umakhi wezakhiwo owathola umbono wokwakhiwa kwamabhulokhi amakhulu kusuka kumaseli ajwayelekile, ahlomele ngokuphelele amaseli ezinhlobo eziningana ezenziwa emafektri futhi alungele ukulethwa esakhiweni. Yebo, futhi bangahlanganiswa ngokuya ngephrojekthi ethile, bakha indlu yamafomu nosayizi abalufunayo.
Iseli liphakanyisiwe ukuthi lithuthe ku-Uhlaka olulungiselelwe ekhaya futhi lixhumeke ekuxhumaneni kwangaphambi kokunakwa. Omunye umbono weSoviet avant-garders ayesezandleni zawo!
Ngo-1934, kwenziwa enye iphrojekthi: I-Textbook "Izakhi zokwakheka kwezakhiwo nezendawo". Hhayi okokuqala ngenani lababhali, iLadovsky ayicaciswanga.
Kodwa-ke, amagama asembozweni lizikhulumela: Ababambiqhaza be-Asmanov uVladimir Krings, u-Ivan Lambsy noMikhail Turkus. Okubili kokugcina - futhi nezifundo zeLadovsky. Futhi bonke abathathu bangothisha beVhutelas, bese kuba khona isikhungo sezakhiwo zaseMoscow. Ngakho-ke, izindlela ze-pedagofy zakhiwa e-Asnov okungenani zigcinwe ngokwengxenye. Futhi ukubona amagama abalobi bencwadi yezincwadi, akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kweLadovsky akubizanga.
Ngeshwa, eminyakeni emibili, ukuhlanganiswa kwazo zonke izinhlangano ze-Creative Association kuzoqala ngesakhiwo esisodwa, esizoshintsha inhlangano yezinyunyana zokudala.
Ekugcineni, amaphrojekthi amabili "eLadovsky asemthethweni - mhlawumbe ama-atypical kakhulu eMosco Mosro.
- I-Pavilion "Isango Elibomvu" - Eqinisweni, Isikhumbuzo Egama elifanayo legama elifanayo, edilizwe yi-arch enqobayo yekhulu le-XVIII.
- Ngaso leso sikhathi i-arch yokungena yinkomba eqondile kuma-classics, kwi-portal ethembisayo, okwakuhlobisa iminyango namafasitela amathempeli.
Ingosi "idonsela" ngaphakathi ethempelini, isetha amandla aqondayo. Njengomnyango wegama elithi "Isango Elibomvu" "abagibeli, ngakho-ke ihholo" DZezhinsky "liyaliqondisa ngaphansi komhlaba.
Umqondo weLadovsky, eqinisweni, uphikisana nokufakwa okuyisisekelo: akufanele uzwe ukuthi singaphansi komhlaba. ILadovky ithuthukisa ukubonakala kwemizwa yomhubhe, unhlangothi olungaphansi komhlaba. Futhi uphinde uhlele amandla, umuzwa wokunyakaza kukho ...
Ngeshwa, isiqephu esincane sahlala sivela kulo msebenzi, ngamabomu sigcinwe ngamabomu ama-Archites aqhutshwa kabusha ukwakhiwa kabusha kwamanani amakhulu ngawo-1970.
Lokhu akuyona nje ukwakheka. Le yindlela ehlukile ehlukile ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, ukuya emsebenzini kusuka efomini, njengoba kuboniswa ngumuntu.
Ngale ndlela, e-Asnov, ngasikhathi sinye, ngisho noKonstantin Melnikov, umuntu ngamunye, ubuhlakani, owayengazibandakanyi nanoma yiziphi izinhlangano futhi akazange ahlangane nanoma yiziphi izinhlangano. Mhlawumbe ngoba babuka okuningi kakhulu? Omunye wasolwa ngokulandela "ngokuhlelekile."
Empeleni, ngokufanele. Odokotela abangokoqobo abakhokhele imisebenzi yokwakheka, imvamisa bona bazibiza ngokuthi "ama-ardwactists." Kepha kuma-20s, kwatshalwa ngalo kulo mqondo, nokunye ukuhlanganisa kunengxenye yesibili yama-30s.
Kepha kungani iWikipedia ibika ukuthi:
Ubumbangi kuyaziwa (futhi kwenziwa) kubi kakhulu ukwedlula ukwakheka kwanamuhla?Njengoba sibona, ama-Fational Connessists ayakhiwa, futhi akha izakhiwo ezihlala zonke. "Kubikwe kubiwa" kungabizwakala? Akukhona yini ukuthi uNikolay Likovsky uqobo?
Yilokho-ke kuphela ofunde abanye iminyaka eminingi, wakhela amaphrojekthi angaphezu kwamathathu asetshenzisiwe. Walungiselela isizukulwane samakhosi aphumelelayo aphumelelayo, amashumi eminyaka wokwakha esisakusebenzisa, futhi siyawathanda.
Umbhali - U-Alexander Smirnov
Umthombo - Springzhizni.ru.