Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kwaqala ukuvela kwenqubomgomo enkulu. Amaqembu alwela abavoti, anikele ngezindlela zawo zokuxazulula izinkinga zokucindezela. Umhlaba wahlukaniswa ngemibono. Imvamisa, ezinye izazi-mlando ziyahlekisa ngokuthi "izkom" ehlukahlukene: Kusukela KobuKhomanisi kuya kobuzwe. Fascism kwadlalwa ekwakhekeni komunye wezwe lokuqala. Kulesi sihloko sizohlaziya ukuthi yini ubuFaclism nokuthi kungani avele e-Italy.
Kungani Kufanele?
Ngo-1919, okwezintatheli zangaphambili zokubukwa kosomosabhoqelamule kwasungulwa eMilan "Union of Fight" - "Fascio Di Combattimento". Ngakho-ke igama elithi "fascism" ligqekezele kwisichazamazwi sezepolitiki sase-Italy. Kwakusetshenziswa ngaphambili, kepha kuphela manje lo msebenzi wezepolitiki wabulala amandla. Umbuso wase-Italy wazalwa kabusha ngengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-19. AmaNtaliyane awakakakhiwa ngokuphelele njengesizwe, ukuthi akhumbule amadlozi abaseRoma abakhulu ku-Appetifiers. Izwe lifuna ukubuyisa "indawo ngaphansi kwelanga", okusho ukuthi yonke iYurophu, balungiselela impi yezwe yokuqala. Okokuqala - ohlangothini lwamaJalimane nabase-Austria, futhi kusukela ngo-1915 - ohlangothini lwe-Entingte (eNgilandi, eFrance naseRussia).
Ngo-1918, impi yaphela, kepha yaletha abantu base-Italy ukuthi badumale: Izigidi zabantu zafa noma zalimala kakhulu, ezindaweni ezithile zezwe, abalimi bahlala phezu kwendlala, amafektri ahlala khona. Ngisho nezindawo ezintsha azitholanga abaNtaliyane. U-The Lotnaly wayephakathi kwabawinile, kodwa wawunjengawe. Esimweni sokuwohloka komnotho, abantu bavame ukukholwa i-popurism, ukuphelelwa ithemba kuthambekela abantu ukweqisa. Endabeni ye-Italy - kuya onyakeni wezentengiselwano "kakhulu", ngomqondo wezepolitiki. Benito Mussolini ne "Druzhina" yakhe "banikela ngamaNtaliyane ngendlela ebucayi nalabo ababekukholwayo. I- "Fascio" - yasho "ugongolo", ubunye uMussolini wayefuna ukufeza, ukuze abase-Italiya baphinde baba umbuso weMedithera, njengasezikhathini zeKhesari noma nge-Augus Augustus. Futhi lapho ubukhulu buzoba bobabili ukuchuma kwezomnotho. Vumelana, imisindo elingana, ikakhulukazi lapho udumele ezinhlamvwini ezindala.
Umsuka kanye nezinhlinzeko eziphambili ze-fascism
Isazi-mlando saseMelika uPoote Painne ukholelwa ukuthi omunye wemithombo yobuhlakani yemibono ye-fascism ingudorvino wezenhlalo. Wasungulwa ngemuva kokuthi abanye ososayensi bezenhlalo bathola imibono kaDarwin emzimbeni wezenhlalo. Uma amafushane, imiphakathi nayo iphansi kokukhethwa kwemvelo, bayasinda abanamandla. Futhi uma inhlangano enkulu yomphakathi ingumbuso, kusho ukuthi kufanele bavikele abantu bawo.
Ekhanda lombuso onjalo, kufanele kube nomholi oqinile futhi onegunya, empeleni "angaphezu kwawomuntu", kahle, noma njengoba kusho amaFascists - "Duch". Nasi uhlelo olufushane lokubuka fascist kwimodeli yezenhlalo: "Umholi Oqinile - Isizwe Esinamandla - Isizwe Esinamandla." Izwe elinamandla. ) kanye ne-monarchism (e-Italy imithetho yenkosi). Kwakudingeka ukubheka imodeli entsha yezepolitiki futhi amaFascist anikelwe. Ngo-1926, omunye wabangane kanye nemibono kaMumololini eshicilele incwadi ethi "Izisekelo Ze-Fascism", echaze imibono esemqoka yeqembu. Ngo-1932, "Duchess" washicilela "imfundiso yeFascism." Nansi imibono esemqoka yabamangali:
- Isizwe kanye noMbuso yinani eliphakeme kakhulu.
- Ukuvikela isizwe, umbuso kumele ube namandla aphelele.
- Kufanele kube nokuphathwa kwezinhlangano kukho konke, ubuntu abukwazi ukunikeza ukusinda.
- Indlela yomjaho (ireferensi emibonweni kaHitler) iyaphambuka. Kepha uMbuso uphoqelekile ukuvikela isizwe "kwabanye abantu" amathonya. Ngakho-ke imikhawulo emishadweni exubile ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930s.
Abasekeli bokuqala baseBenito baba yimpi yangaphambili, badumazekile ezinhlamvwini zomuntu, bebuka ukufa kwabangane nozakwabo ngaphambili. Amasosha kaMusolini abizwa ngokuthi "ama-Blackrruffs." Ukukhethwa kombala akuyona ingozi: ukuhlonipha ukulila kwabantu abafile nemibono. I-Ultra kwesokudla inikele "izwe eliphelele."
Ngubani lo benito mussolini
Kuze kube ngu-1919, wahlanganisa iqembu lezenhlalo lase-Italy. I-Irony ye-Histony: "I-Italian" ishiywe "imele emgabeni wokuhamba kwe-Ultra-kwesokudla eYurophu. Ngesikhathi seminyaka yempi, wathuthela eSwitzerland ukugwema ukubiza. Kepha ngasekupheleni kwempi, waqala wadumazeka ngeSocialism, ngoba kwakukhona ikilasi ekuqaleni, hhayi izwe. UMussonlini wayebuye abe nemibono yobushiqela be-proletariat kanye neminye imibono yesokunxele. UBenito ngo-1919 wahlanganisa imibono yobuzwe obunamandla, ama-conservatism kanye ne-dengwane ye-darvinism. Ukusebenza ezincwadini ezahlukahlukene, wafunda ukuphatha ngekhono igama elithi esikhathini esizayo amsiza emkhankasweni.
Kusuka emibonweni iya emandleni
Ngo-1921, i- "Union of Fight" yaba yiqembu likaNational Fascist. Okokuqala ngqa bememezela ukuba bamangale. Ngokhetho, kwakungekho ndawo ePhalamende, khona-ke uMussolini wasongela enkosini uViktor Emmanuil III nguMkhankaso wamasosha eRoma. Inkosi yanikela ngandlela, amaFascist athola amasekela abo amagunya. Ngo-1924, izindawo eziningi ezazihlala amaFascist okhethweni. Ngasikhathi sinye, iSocial Matteati yakhuluma ngokugxekwa kwamaFascists. Ngokushesha wabulawa yizimpi zeMussolini. Ukucindezelwa kwezepolitiki kwaqala kuleli zwe, kwaqedwa ukuphikiswa. Amaphoyisa ayimfihlo adalwe, futhi inkulumo-ze ye-Fascist yaqala ezweni lonke. Ngo-1929, amaNtaliyane avote phezu kwe-Plebiscite ukuze akwazi ukuba neqembu elilodwa kuphela. U-Italy wagcina waba ngubushiqela.
Imiphumela yokubonakala kwe-fascism
Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi lokhu kuwumbono wokuvuselelwa. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokubuyisa isimo sakho ukuqala impi entsha. Impi eyodwa yezwe yayingumuntu omncane. Kuphuma, ukubukeka kwe-fascism kungenye yezizathu zeMpi Yezwe II. UMussolini wathonya ukuthandwa kwemibono ye-Ultra-kwesokudla eJalimane. UHitler wonke 192s wayengumuntu othanda umashiqela womashiqela wase-Italy, kepha lapho amanani abo elingana, wazama ukukufihla. I-Führer ivumelanisa nemibono ethi "efile" ngaphansi kwabantu baseJalimane, idale umbono wobuhlanga, iholele ekuQothulweni Kwesizwe, Ukuqothulwa Kwamakamu kanye nezinye izigebengu, ngeke zikhohlwe ukuthi imibono yombuso wamaNazi. Kanjalo Ikhulu lamashumi amabili laholela eqinisweni lokuthi leli khulu leminyaka sibiza igazi.